Development essay plans

Question 1

Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 1

general information

affective aspect

Kohlberg

stages of moral development

promoting moral development

prosocial tendencies in infancy

Question 2

Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 2

information

the sociocultural approach

methods used

theory of cognitive development

scaffolding

reciprocal instruction

community of learners

guided participation

evaluation

Question 3

autism

Answer 3

general information

criteria for diagnosis

Wing and Gould’s triad of impairments

diagnosis

how many people are autistic

aetiology

ToM explanations

central coherence explanation - Happe

Question 4

internalising disorders - anxiety

Answer 4

developmental psychopathology and general information

depression and anxiety over the life course

types of anxiety disorder

DSM-IV criteria for GAD

risk factors

treatments for anxiety

Question 5

internalising disorders - depression

Answer 5

diagnostic criteria

other conditions and prevalence

risk factors

the brain

Beck’s cognitive triad

attributions

mood repair mechanisms

family context

interventions

Question 6

externalising disorders

Answer 6

definition and examples

subtypes

symptoms

effect on functioning

prevalence

development

adult ADHD

aetiology

models

Question 7

Resilience

Answer 7

• positive outcome despite adversity and risk
• Martinez-Torteya et al. (2009) - fam violence
• Fogarty et al. (2019) - IPV
• Gray et al. (2015) - maternal insightfulness
• Martinez-Torteya et al. (2018) - insightfulness and stress

history
- Aburn et al. (2016) - may not be one single definition of resilience

• adversity/risk factors
• Eggerman et al. (2010) - lack of school resources (just using name not whole study)
• Wolmer et al. (2015) - exposure to rocket attacks (just using name and not whole study)
• Yablon and Itzhaky (2019) - homicide (but school for support)
• Corbin and Hall (2019) - risk and protective factors in the LRA conflict
• Balaban (2016) - natural disasters and feelings of un-safety
• Ungar (2019) - limitations of resilience research
• definition of positive outcomes
• Catani et al. (2010)
• Chapin (2015) - positive outcomes and resilience
• Shatte et al. (2017) - more resilience in work context leads to better outcomes

key concepts in research

• • protective factors
  • Yule et al. (2019) - meta-analysis of protective factors
  • Cherry et al. (2018) - coping through humour as a protective factor
  • Lowe et al. (2018) - physical exercise and cortical resilience
  • Shaw et al. (2019) - cyberbullying, eating meals together and social support
• • child characteristics
  • Solcova et al. (2018) - temperament and resilience
• • issues with protective factors
  • Cording and Christofferson (2017)

multidimensional nature

• risks
• Luthar et al. (2000) - risk assessment - just using name
• Morrison-Guttman and Flouri (2011) - single v many risks - just using name

stability of resilience

future directions

• interventions
• Clark and Gorton (2019) - nurses and resiliency in dealing with incivility
• Burton et al. (2009) - READY psychosocial resilience programme
• Chandra et al. (2013) - resilience in community
• Saja et al. (2018) - social resilience framework in vulnerable populations