Development & Early Childhood Intervention/Assessment

Question 1

NASP, 2005 and Early Childhood Assessment

Answer 1

• early ID is essential
• need to use MDT format
• assessment should focus on family system and the home environment
• categorical ID is ineffective in most cases
• results need to be understood by parents

Question 2

Early Childhood Assessment should be

Answer 2

1. developmentally appropriate
2. ecological
3. stengths-based
4. skills-based
5. family centered
6. based on comprehensive concerns

Question 3

Empirically-based Principles of Child Development

Answer 3

1. domains - physical, socioemotional, cognitive
2. development occurs in a relatively orderly sequence
3. development rates can vary w/in and btwn kids
4. play is important for development
5. challenge and practice advance kids’ devel.

Question 4

Piaget’s Development Theory

Answer 4

• adaptation - assimilation, accomodation, and equilibration
• stages
  
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational

Question 5

Vygotsky, Bandura, Brofenbrenner

Answer 5

• V - Socialcultural theory: parents, caregivers, peers, and culture play a large role in devel.
• Ban - Social Learning Theory: children learn through observing others, not just through external reinforcement
• Bro - Ecological Systems Theory: Micro, Meso, Exo, Macrosystem

Question 6

Ainsworth, Baumrind, Erikson

Answer 6

• A - Attachment Theory: Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent/Resistant, Disorganized
• B - Parenting Styles: Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Neglectful
• E - Each stage of development if focused on a conflict
  
  • success or failure in dealing w/ conflict affects overall devel.

Question 7

Characteristics of Preschoolers

Answer 7

1. Unfamiliar w/ testing
2. different reactions to demand of testing
3. limited attention span
4. wide variability in performance
5. differing motivation and interest

Question 8

Socioemotional Development

Answer 8

• Raver, 2004
  
  • emotional devel. affected by risk factor, but is also a mediator for risk factors
• Blair & Diamond, 2008
  
  • emotion regulation linked to executive cognitive functions - memory, attention
• Shoda et al., 1990
  
  • self-regulation related to academic competence and coping skills

Question 9

Sociall Important Behaviors

Answer 9

socially acceptable learned behaviors that enable a person to interact w/ others that elicit postive responses and to avoid negative responses

• CARES
  
  • cooperation, asseration, responsiblity, empathy, self-control

Question 10

School Readiness Definition and Areas

Answer 10

• Gesell Institute, 1987
  
  • capacity to simultaneously learn and cope with school environment
• Kagan, Moore, Bredekamp, 1995
  
  • motor devel - gross and fine
  • socioemotional
  • approaches toward learning
  • language use - expressive and receptive
  • cognitive and general knowledge
  • adaptive behavior
  • preacademic skills
    
    • ltr naming, recognition, alphabet recitation, counting, numerical recog, name writing

Question 11

Kindergarten Screening

NASP, 1991

Answer 11

• use develop appropriate, valid measures
• assess functioning in several areas
• involve parents as much as possible
• results should guide intervention
• measure skills that are most predictive of future outcomes

Question 12

Professional Development w/ K Teachers

Answer 12

• educate about normative and non-normative
• academic behaviors of incoming kids
• importance of early ID
• warn against possible neg. implications
• train how to admin assessments w/ fidelity

Question 13

Dilemmas in Testing Preschoolers

Answer 13

1. performance of young children is variable
2. students must be labeled to get services, which can set expectations for limited performance
3. behavior such as high defiance, oppostitional, distractibility, wariness of new situations, high energy levels may affect testing

Question 14

Social Behaviors Associated w/ Early School Success

Answer 14

1. pay attention to what someone is saying
2. play w/ other kids
3. follow simple rules
4. work independently
5. cooperate w/other kids

Question 15

Assessment of Kindergarteners

Answer 15

• social skills
• academic skills
  
  • use CBM
    
    • reading: ltr naming, sounds, pseudo.
    • math: counting, number naming, missing number, number discrim
• Health info - from preschool records
  
  • if none - use BASC devel. history
  • school - hearing, vision, health, and speech screenings

Question 16

Literacy Skills Related to School Readiness

Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998

Answer 16

1. Concepts of print
2. Letter names
3. Letter sounds
4. Phonological awareness

Question 17

Numeracy Skills Related to School Readiness

Answer 17

1. Arithmetic
2. Counting
3. Number naming

Question 18

Behaviors Related to School Readiness

Bierman et al., 2009

Answer 18

1. Classroom participation
2. Prosocial behaviors
3. Lack of aggressive behaviors