Development & Diversity

Question 1

Gender differences in ages of increased vulnerability

Answer 1

boys more vulnerable to risk factors from prenatal period to age 10, girls more vulnerable during their teens

Question 2

What are teratogenic agents?

Answer 2

any agent that can cause birth defects (medications, viruses, radiation)

Question 3

Sue & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model stages

Answer 3

-Conformity stage - minority person has unequivocal preference for dominant culture’s values and has negative stereotypes about their own minority group as well as other minority groups
-Dissonance stage - growing awareness that not all values of dominant culture are beneficial; questioning and challenging attitudes and beliefs
-Resistance and Immersion - strong sense of identification and commitment to their minority group, rejecting dominant values
-Introspection - discovers that the level of intensity of negative feelings against dominant group is draining and also recognized elements of majority culture that are functional and desirable”

Question 4

Which group is most at risk for hypertension?

Answer 4

African Americans (more prevalent, starts at younger ages, more organ damage)

Question 5

Which group seeks help for practical problems and prefers active, directive approach?

Answer 5

Asian Americans

Question 6

Stages of gender identity development

Answer 6

Kohlberg
1. gender labeling - based on physical appearance, do not recognize gender as stable
2. gender stability - recognize gender is stable, confusion about appearance as means of identifying gender
3. gender consistency - fully understand gender as permanent

Question 7

Stages of moral development

Answer 7

Kohlberg
1. Preconventional Morality (substages, Punishment-Obedience, Instrumental Hedonism)
2. Conventional Morality (conforming on rules to get social approval; substages, Good Boy/Girl, Law and Order)
3. Postconventional Morality (substages, Morality of Contract Rights & Laws, Morality of Conscience)

Question 8

Marcia’s identity statuses for adolescents

Answer 8

Foreclosure
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Identity diffusion

Question 9

Foreclosure stage of adolescence

Answer 9

(Marcia)
commits themself to a goal without exploring alternatives; there is commitment with absence of crisis

Question 10

Identity achievement status of adolescence

Answer 10

(Marcia)
Person has struggled and explored several options and developed goals and values. Has resolved crisis and made a commitment

Question 11

Moratorium status of adolescence

Answer 11

(Marcia)
person is actively struggling with and exploring options and making a decision, but has not yet made a commitment. There is crisis and lack of commitment

Question 12

Identity diffusion status of adolescence

Answer 12

(Marcia)
teen lacks direction and it not seriously considering options or trying to develop goals. Absence of both crisis and commitment.

Question 13

Holophrasic speech

Answer 13

12-18 months, uses one word to convey an complex idea

Question 14

Telegraphic speech

Answer 14

18-24 months, two-word (noun-verb) sentence

Question 15

Research about relation between aggression and childhood vs later in life suggests _____.

Answer 15

Moderate tendency for children to remain aggressive

Question 16

Brofenbrenner’s ecological approach - 5 levels

Answer 16

microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem

Question 17

microsystem (brofenbrenner)

Answer 17

bi-directional relationships a person has with different environments that are influential on a day-to-day basis

Question 18

mesosystem (brofenbrenner)

Answer 18

interlocking influence of the microsystems (e.g., when parents meet with a teacher)

Question 19

exosystem (brofenbrenner)

Answer 19

relationship between several settings, with one or more of them indirectly affecting the person

Question 20

macrosystem (brofenbrenner)

Answer 20

includes the influence of culture, such as the dominant belief system or the economy

Question 21

chronosystem (brofenbrenner)

Answer 21

the influence of the passage of time in a person’s life

Question 22

Kohlberg preconventional moral development stage

Answer 22

compliance with rules to avoid punishment and get rewards
substages: punishment-obedience and instrumental hedonism

Question 23

Kohlberg conventional moral development stage

Answer 23

conformity in order to secure approval
substages: good boy/girl & law and order

Question 24

Kohlberg postconventional moral development stage

Answer 24

concepts of ethical principles and conscience
substages: morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws & morality of individual principles of conscience

Question 25

Erikson’s psychosocial development - identity vs role confusion stage

Answer 25

adolescence
individual tries to understand “who am I?”, “what vocation will i pursue?”, and “what is my sexual orientation?”

Question 26

Erikson’s psychosocial development - intimacy vs isolation stage

Answer 26

early adulthood (18-35)

Question 27

Erikson’s psychosocial development - ego integration vs despair stage

Answer 27

last stage (60+ years old)

Question 28

Piaget heteronomous morality

Answer 28

ages 5-10
morality of constraint
think rigidly about morality and cannot imagine more than one way of looking at a moral issue

Question 29

Piaget autonomous morality

Answer 29

ages 10+
thinking becomes more flexible
realize there is not one unchangeable standard of right and wrong
children can consider more than one aspect of a situation, and can consider the intent behind behavior

Question 30

Ainsworth ambivalent/resistant attachment

Answer 30

Wary of strangers, distressed when parents leave, not comforted when parents return.
Parents are limitedly available/inconsistent in caregiving

Question 31

Ainsworth avoidant attachment

Answer 31

May avoid parents, do not seek much contact from parents or others, show little or no preference for parents over strangers
Parent doesn’t show care/responsiveness beyond providing basic essentials

Question 32

Brofnenbrenner microsystem

Answer 32

direct contact with child (parents, siblings, teachers, peers)

Question 33

Bronfenbrenner mesosystem

Answer 33

interactions between child’s microsystem

Question 34

Bronfenbrenner’s exosystem

Answer 34

external to the child but Indirectly influence the child (parent’s workplace, parent’s friends, mass media)

Question 35

Bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem

Answer 35

cultural elements such as SES and ethnicity, geographic location

Question 36

What is the “sleeper” effect? (Wallerstein and Blakeslee)

Answer 36

girls seem to adjust well to their parents divorce in childhood, but have problems in adolescence and adulthood in forming intimate relationships (engage in risky, self-destructive behavior; excessive worry about betrayal or abandonment)

Question 37

Cross and Vandiver’s model of black racial identity development: 3 stages

Answer 37

Pre-encounter (3 identity subtypes: assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred)
immersion-emersion
internalization

Question 38

When does stranger anxiety emerge and result for infants?

Answer 38

onset between 8-10 months
decline at about 24 months

Question 39

The five components of gender identity identified by S. K. Egan and D. G. Perry

Answer 39

knowledge of one’s own gender category,
self-perceived gender typicality (similarity),
felt contentment with one’s gender,
felt pressure for gender conformity,
intergroup bias.

Question 40

three aspects of temperament (Rothbart)

Answer 40

REACTIVITY:
-Surgency/extraversion
-Negative affectivity
SELF-REGULATION
-Effortful control

Question 41

How do Big 5 factors change across life course?

Answer 41

Neuroticism decreases
Extraversion and Openness remain stable or decrease slightly
Agreeable and Conscientiousness increase