Development & Diversity Flashcards
Gender differences in ages of increased vulnerability
boys more vulnerable to risk factors from prenatal period to age 10, girls more vulnerable during their teens
What are teratogenic agents?
any agent that can cause birth defects (medications, viruses, radiation)
Sue & Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model stages
-Conformity stage - minority person has unequivocal preference for dominant culture’s values and has negative stereotypes about their own minority group as well as other minority groups
-Dissonance stage - growing awareness that not all values of dominant culture are beneficial; questioning and challenging attitudes and beliefs
-Resistance and Immersion - strong sense of identification and commitment to their minority group, rejecting dominant values
-Introspection - discovers that the level of intensity of negative feelings against dominant group is draining and also recognized elements of majority culture that are functional and desirable”
Which group is most at risk for hypertension?
African Americans (more prevalent, starts at younger ages, more organ damage)
Which group seeks help for practical problems and prefers active, directive approach?
Asian Americans
Stages of gender identity development
Kohlberg
1. gender labeling - based on physical appearance, do not recognize gender as stable
2. gender stability - recognize gender is stable, confusion about appearance as means of identifying gender
3. gender consistency - fully understand gender as permanent
Stages of moral development
Kohlberg
1. Preconventional Morality (substages, Punishment-Obedience, Instrumental Hedonism)
2. Conventional Morality (conforming on rules to get social approval; substages, Good Boy/Girl, Law and Order)
3. Postconventional Morality (substages, Morality of Contract Rights & Laws, Morality of Conscience)
Marcia’s identity statuses for adolescents
Foreclosure
Identity achievement
Moratorium
Identity diffusion
Foreclosure stage of adolescence
(Marcia)
commits themself to a goal without exploring alternatives; there is commitment with absence of crisis
Identity achievement status of adolescence
(Marcia)
Person has struggled and explored several options and developed goals and values. Has resolved crisis and made a commitment
Moratorium status of adolescence
(Marcia)
person is actively struggling with and exploring options and making a decision, but has not yet made a commitment. There is crisis and lack of commitment
Identity diffusion status of adolescence
(Marcia)
teen lacks direction and it not seriously considering options or trying to develop goals. Absence of both crisis and commitment.
Holophrasic speech
12-18 months, uses one word to convey an complex idea
Telegraphic speech
18-24 months, two-word (noun-verb) sentence
Research about relation between aggression and childhood vs later in life suggests _____.
Moderate tendency for children to remain aggressive
Brofenbrenner’s ecological approach - 5 levels
microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
chronosystem
microsystem (brofenbrenner)
bi-directional relationships a person has with different environments that are influential on a day-to-day basis
mesosystem (brofenbrenner)
interlocking influence of the microsystems (e.g., when parents meet with a teacher)
exosystem (brofenbrenner)
relationship between several settings, with one or more of them indirectly affecting the person
macrosystem (brofenbrenner)
includes the influence of culture, such as the dominant belief system or the economy
chronosystem (brofenbrenner)
the influence of the passage of time in a person’s life
Kohlberg preconventional moral development stage
compliance with rules to avoid punishment and get rewards
substages: punishment-obedience and instrumental hedonism
Kohlberg conventional moral development stage
conformity in order to secure approval
substages: good boy/girl & law and order
Kohlberg postconventional moral development stage
concepts of ethical principles and conscience
substages: morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws & morality of individual principles of conscience
Erikson’s psychosocial development - identity vs role confusion stage
adolescence
individual tries to understand “who am I?”, “what vocation will i pursue?”, and “what is my sexual orientation?”
Erikson’s psychosocial development - intimacy vs isolation stage
early adulthood (18-35)
Erikson’s psychosocial development - ego integration vs despair stage
last stage (60+ years old)
Piaget heteronomous morality
ages 5-10
morality of constraint
think rigidly about morality and cannot imagine more than one way of looking at a moral issue
Piaget autonomous morality
ages 10+
thinking becomes more flexible
realize there is not one unchangeable standard of right and wrong
children can consider more than one aspect of a situation, and can consider the intent behind behavior
Ainsworth ambivalent/resistant attachment
Wary of strangers, distressed when parents leave, not comforted when parents return.
Parents are limitedly available/inconsistent in caregiving
Ainsworth avoidant attachment
May avoid parents, do not seek much contact from parents or others, show little or no preference for parents over strangers
Parent doesn’t show care/responsiveness beyond providing basic essentials
Brofnenbrenner microsystem
direct contact with child (parents, siblings, teachers, peers)
Bronfenbrenner mesosystem
interactions between child’s microsystem
Bronfenbrenner’s exosystem
external to the child but Indirectly influence the child (parent’s workplace, parent’s friends, mass media)
Bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem
cultural elements such as SES and ethnicity, geographic location
What is the “sleeper” effect? (Wallerstein and Blakeslee)
girls seem to adjust well to their parents divorce in childhood, but have problems in adolescence and adulthood in forming intimate relationships (engage in risky, self-destructive behavior; excessive worry about betrayal or abandonment)
Cross and Vandiver’s model of black racial identity development: 3 stages
Pre-encounter (3 identity subtypes: assimilation, miseducation, self-hatred)
immersion-emersion
internalization
When does stranger anxiety emerge and result for infants?
onset between 8-10 months
decline at about 24 months
The five components of gender identity identified by S. K. Egan and D. G. Perry
knowledge of one’s own gender category,
self-perceived gender typicality (similarity),
felt contentment with one’s gender,
felt pressure for gender conformity,
intergroup bias.
three aspects of temperament (Rothbart)
REACTIVITY:
-Surgency/extraversion
-Negative affectivity
SELF-REGULATION
-Effortful control
How do Big 5 factors change across life course?
Neuroticism decreases
Extraversion and Openness remain stable or decrease slightly
Agreeable and Conscientiousness increase
