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Pediatrics > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

Theories, motor milestones, principles

1
Q

Motor Development depends upon:

A
  • Genetics
  • Child individual experiences
  • Environmental experiences
  • Maturation of the CNS*
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2
Q

Term babies are born between

A

38 and 42 weeks of gestation

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3
Q

Pre-term babies are born before …

A

38 weeks, especially very early and low birth weight babies require the care of a physical therapist

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Difference between delayed and atypical development:

A
  • Delayed: motor and other skills are developing late but in an appropriate manner.
  • Atypical: child demonstrates motor patterns associated with a specific disorder usually neuromuscular or musculoskeletal = Abnormal muscle tone (low / high / mixed) Cerebral Palsy, club foot etc.
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6
Q

Maturationist theory of motor development:

A
  • development is correlated to changes in the CNS as it develops.
    • Not experience.
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7
Q

Gesell:

A
  • Maturationist theory
  • Motor development allows functional behavior
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8
Q

McGraw:

A
  • Maturationist theory
  • highly detailed descriptions of movement sequences, interested in relationship of structure to function
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9
Q

Thelen, Lochman and Horak, Shumway-Cooke

A
  • Applied Dynamic Systems Theory to development
  • No one system is responsible or the director of development; it is a confluence of many factors including:
    • Genetics, opportunity, cognitive ability, level of stimulation, motivation, environment.
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10
Q

Term “developmental biodynamics” used to explain….

A
  • the organization of motor behavior based on the interaction between perception, action, body morphology and task.
  • Dynamic Systems Theory
  • Thelen, Lochman and Horak, Shumway-Cooke
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11
Q

Gibson:

A
  • Theory of affordances
  • Ecological Theory*
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12
Q

The period from conception to birth:

A

Prenatal period

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13
Q

The period 1 to 2 weeks of gestation is called?

A

Germinal period

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14
Q

2 to 8 weeks of gestation:

A

Embryonic period

(most susceptible to environmental disruptions)

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15
Q

9 - 38 weeks of gestation is called?

A

Fetal period

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16
Q

During this time, the embryo is most susceptible to environmental disruptions as moms many not be aware of the pregnancy:

A
  • Embryonic period, 0-8 weeks of gestation.
  • Early in the 1st few weeks of life, development of the embryo is rapid. There is differentiation of the cells of the blastocyst into the germinal layers that will develop into the different tissues of the body.
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17
Q

Ectoderm forms…

A

Forms skin, hair, nails, teeth and nerves

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18
Q

Mesoderm forms…

A

muscle, bone, heart, and blood vessels.

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19
Q

Endoderm forms…

A

forms major digestive organs, liver, alimentary tract and linings, endocrine glands

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20
Q

This stage begins at 9 weeks of gestation:

A

fetal stage

21
Q

start to see fetal movements: head movement, hand to face

A
  • fetal stage
  • by 10th week
22
Q

Mother will perceive fetal movements at about ….

A

16-18 weeks of gestation

23
Q

Third Trimester baby is growing and gaining weight; occupies more of uterine space, this will reinforce development of:

A

“Physiological Flexion”

24
Q

sleep wake cycles are developing at…

A

26 -28 weeks of gestation

25
Q

Premature infants often require _______ for respiration due to immaturity of the lungs

A

Surfactant

26
Q

CNS mylelinization continues through the ____

A

1st year

27
Q

When learning to walk 12-19 month olds were found to take over ________ steps, walk a
distance of _______ and fall _______ times per hour!

A
  • 2000 steps
  • 7 football fields
  • 17 times
28
Q

Movement and balance development follows a sequence relative to the three planes of the body:

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Frontal
  3. Transverse
29
Q

Development of movement proceeds in a…

A
  • Cephalocaudal or head to tail direction
    • Head control before trunk control
  • Proximally to distally:
    • Proximal control of shoulder for general reaching before control of grasp
  • General to specific:
    • Raking grasp before pincer grasp
30
Q

Muscle tone development:

A

Flexor muscles before extensor muscles, as readily seen in the full-term neonate who is born with physiologic flexion.

31
Q

Antigravity control development:

A

Occurs first in extensor muscles at a particular joint, prior to the development of the antagonist flexor muscles at that joint.

32
Q

Weight bearing development:

A

Occurs on flexed extremities before weight bearing occurs on extended limbs.

Ex prone on elbows occurs before quadruped.

33
Q

What is the differences between primitive and mature weigh sift movement pattern?

A
  • Primitive weight shift is characterized by lateral flexion toward the weigh bearing side.
  • Mature weight shift is associated with elongation on the weight bearing side
34
Q

At birth:

A
  • Physiolical flexion
  • Turns head side to side
  • Automatic stepping
35
Q

1 MO:

A

Attempts to lift head in midline

36
Q

2 MO:

A
  • Abasia
  • Astasia
  • Fencer’s posture
37
Q

3 MO:

A
  • Beginning of midline head control
  • Rolling supine to s/l non-segmentaly
38
Q

4 MO:

A
  • Prone on elbows.
  • Hands to midline.
39
Q

5 MO:

A
  1. Unilateral reaching prone on elbows
  2. Prone on extended arms
  3. Pivot prone posture
  4. Beginning intra-axial rotation
  5. Rolling prone to supine, segmentally
  6. Head lifting in supine
  7. Supine, hands to knees and feet
  8. Supine, hands to feet
  9. Supine, feet to mouth
  10. Propped sitting
  11. Supine bridging
40
Q

6 MO:

A
  • Rolling supine to prone segmentally.
  • Ring sitting, unsupported, with high guard.
  • Transfering objects hand to hand.
41
Q

8 MO:

A
  • Independent sitting with secondary curves.
  • Beginning quadruped.
  • Beginning pull to stand.
  • Volitional forearm supination.
42
Q

10 MO:

A
  • Creeping
  • Plantigrade posture
  • Plantigrade creeping
  • Pulling to standing and lowering self
  • Cruising
43
Q

12 MO:

A
  • Pulling to standing through half-kneeling.
  • Walking independently.
44
Q

15 MO:

A

creeping up stairs

Depending on home environment opportunities

45
Q

18 MO:

A

walking up stairs with help or handrail

46
Q

Atypical motor development is often is related to…

A

abnormal muscle or postural tone Hypotonia / Hypertonia

47
Q

Postural and equilibrium reactions develop as the infant or primitive reflex patterns become integrated or fade away. What are the 3 types of postural reactions?

A
  • Righting Rx’s: function to keep the head oriented to the body and to gravity and to keep the eyes level with the horizon
  • Equilibrium reactions: adjust for changes of the body in space, to keep you balanced over a point.
  • Protective Reactions: help to protect ourselves from harm and falls.
48
Q

High or low muscle tone:

A
  • Low muscle tone result is changes in muscle length, soft tissue and joint structures Which can result in true structural or orthopedic changes.
  • High muscle tone results in decreased muscle memory elongation and limited patterns of movement, muscle length changes.

Pediatrics (22 decks)

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