Development Flashcards by Jack Armstrong

Sleep requirements of an infant

12-14 hours

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First teeth come in at __ months. What is the teeth formula?

6 months. Teeth = Age in months - 6

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What is colic? When does it disappear?

Unexplained crying in infants. Rule of 3: crying for 3+ hours a day for 3+ days in a week or longer than 3 weeks. Should resolve after 3-6 months

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Food introduction in infants? Order and time?

Earliest food introduction at 4 months. Eat same food 3 days in a row. Start with cereal, followed by vegetables, fruit, and meat

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Foods to avoid in first 12 months?

Excess protein and sugar. Honey dt risk of botulism, cows milk (not enough nutrients)

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Nutrition for toddlers? Food jags?

3 meals, 2 snacks. No more than 3-4oz of juice (excess sugar). Food jags start around age 3. Provide all necessary food for infants. Do not force them to feed

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Toddler sleep requirements and things to avoid

Avoid bottles in bed and bottle propping (increases cavities and ear infections). Promote healthy sleep habits. Require 11-13 hours per day (counting 2 naps)

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What is stranger anxiety?

Happens in infants 6-9 months. Scared to meet new people, afraid to leave parents

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What is separation anxiety? Other name? Stages?

Acyclic depression. When parents leave child. 3 phases: protest (crying when parents are leaving), despair (child stays depressed after they leave), detachment (child does not care). Not a continuum. Teaches object permanence: explain in toddler terms

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When should toddlers stop using pacifiers?

After age 2. Misaligns teeth

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Rituals in toddlers?

Child becomes upset or throws tantrum when their routine is disrupted. Should be gone by age 5

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When does toilet training begin?

Child is cognitively ready aged 2-3. Some insights saying child might be ready: When the child remains dry for 2-3 hours, shows discomfort with a dirty diaper, comes to parents with dry diapers

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Concept of illness with toddlers

Separation = punishment or abandonment. Should understand object permanence by 24 months

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Timeout?

One minute per year

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Sleep requirements for preschoolers

10-13 hours

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Eating habits of preschoolers

Become very picky. Less picky around age 5. Don’t force feed

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Fiber equation for children

Age in years + 5 = grams of fiber needed per day

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What is a night terror?

When child has a nightmare but stays asleep. They act out the nightmare but stay asleep. Do not wake them up. Night terrors are not remembered by preschoolers

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When does sleepwalking start and what can parents do?

Around 4 years. Set alarms and put up gates.

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When is bedwetting (enuresis) no longer normal? Primary vs secondary?

Should stop by age 7. Primary is when child has never had a dry night. Secondary is after a child has been dry for 6 months. Caused by UTI, sickness, or stress

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What age and stage are conservation and reversibility established?

7-11: concrete observational stage

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Sleep requirements for school aged children

9-11 hours of sleep. Establish healthy bedtime routine and habits

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When are naps no longer appropriate?

After 6 years

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Adolescent sleep?

Circadian rhythm changes to 11-9. Require 9 hours of sleep but with rhythm changes and school, that is unachievable

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How does ear assessment differ from adult to child

Under 3 years: down and back Over 3 years: up and back

Stomach Palpitation and note for children under 1

Stomach hernias are common in babies under 1 year. Always listen before palpation

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

2-3 months

When do moro, tonic neck, and rooting reflexes disappear?

4 months

When to first teeth begin erupting?

6 months

Birth weight changes at 6 months and 12 months?

Doubles at 6 months, triples at 12 months

When does anterior fontanelle close

12-18 months

When do toddlers gain sphincter control?

18 months

When is child's birth weight quadrupled?

30 months

When should head lag disappear?

6 months

When should child be able to sit unsupported?

6 months

When should child be able to roll over?

6 months

What are normal gross motor expectations of a child at 9 months

Prone to standing, creeping, prone to sitting

Around what age do children begin walking and when is inability to walk a red flag?

Walking around 12-18 months. No walking past 18 months is a red flag

What gross motor skills do 18 month olds have?

Run clumsily, fall often. Walk up stairs with hand held. Pushes and pulls toys. Seats self. Squats to pick up objects

Gross motor skills of a 24 month old?

Up and down stairs with two feet. Runs well. Picks up objects without falling. Kicks ball forward without falling.

Gross motor skills of a 30 month old

Jumps with both feet. Jumps from chair or step

Gross motor skills of a 3 year old

Can pedal a tricycle and jump forward

Gross motor skills of a 4 year old

Hops and can stand on one foot. Can catch a bounced ball

Gross motor skills of a 5 year old

Swings, somersaults, climbs

When to children gain palmar grasp?

6 months

What are fine motor skills of a 4 month old?

Inspects with hands. Reaches out but overshoots

When do hand to hand movements start?

6 months

Fine motor skills of a 6 month old

Raking grasp, palmar grasp, hand to hand movements

Fine motor skills of a 9 month old

Pincer grasp. Able to hold objects with finger and thumb. Can feed self

Fine motor skills of a 12 month old

Attempts 2 block tower but fails. Can turn pages but many at a time. Assists with dressing.

Fine motor skills of a 18 month old

3-4 block tower. Can turn 2-3 pages in book. Scribbles. Can roll a ball

Fine motor skills of a 24 month old

6-7 block tower. Turn pages of a book one at a time. Can get dressed independently. Can imitate a circle drawing

Fine motor skills of a 30 month old

Builds tower of 8+ blocks. Can turn a door handle. Screws lid on and off.

Fine motor skills of preschoolers

Button and unbutton clothes. Can use a pencil. Uses scissors (5y)

Vocalization/language of 2 month old

coos

Vocalization/language of 4 month old

Laughs and squeals

Vocalization/language of 6 month old

Single syllables (ma, da). Babbling. Likes to hear self talk. No meaning to words

Vocalization/language of 9 month old

Babbling. Understands no. Copies words

When is echolalia a sign of autism?

Past 3 years

Vocalization/language of 12 month old

Says 3-5 words other than dada and mama. Understands meaning of several words. Recognizes objects by name. Imitates animal sounds

Vocalization/language of 18 month old

Says 10 or more words. Points to common objects. Names two body parts

Vocalization/language of 24 month old

Two word sentences. Names 5 body parts. Understands directional commands. Talks constantly

Vocalization/language of 30 month old

3 word sentences. Can give first and last name. Names one color

Vocalization/language of preschoolers

3: strangers understand 75% of what they say. 4: strangers understand 100% of what they say. Four word sentences. 5: full sentences

Socialization of 2 month old

Starts social smile

Socialization of 4 month old

Fussy when alone

Socialization of 6 month old

Recognizes parents. Begins to fear strangers (stranger anxiety 6-9 months). Recognizes friends

Socialization of 9 month old

Doesn't want to be alone. Has favorite toy. Scared of new people. Loves peek-a-boo

Socialization of 12 month old

Shows emotion. Fearful in strange situations. Clingy. May have security object

Socialization of 18 month old

Imitator. Temper tantrums. Awareness of ownership. Dependence on transitional objects

Socialization of 24 month old

Parallel play. Temper tantrums decrease. Dresses self. Increased independence. Aware of other feelings

Socialization of 30 month old

Separates more easily from parents. Helps put things away. Begins to notice gender differences. Can toilet but needs help wiping

Socialization of preschoolers

Pretend play at 3, may be able to differentiate between real and fake by 4, should differentiate by 5

Vision of 2 month old

Focuses on faces

Vision of 4 month old

Binocularity. Begins hand eye coordination

Vision of 6/7 month old

Color vision starts at 7 months. Moves to see objects. Prefers complex visual stimulation

Vision of 9 month old

Stereopsis (depth perception) develops

Vision of 12 month old

Discriminates simple geometric forms

Vision of 18 month old

Acuity of 20/40. Binocularity is fully developed

Vision 24 months to 5 years

Gradually develops

Red flag of sitting

Unable to sit by self by 9 months. Should be sitting alone at 6 months

Red flag of transferring objects

Unable to transfer objects hand to hand by one year. Hand to hand transfers begin at 6 months

Red flag of palmar and pincer grasp

No palmar by 9 months. No pincer by 15 months

Red flag for language and speech

Unable to speak recognizable words by 24 months

Red flags of preschoolers

3+: cannot dress themselves. Doesn't want to play with other children. Thumb sucking after age 4. Preschoolers who cannot complete self care tasks. Preschoolers who do not want to socialize or play with others