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Exam 2 Peds > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep requirements of an infant

A

12-14 hours

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2
Q

First teeth come in at __ months. What is the teeth formula?

A

6 months. Teeth = Age in months - 6

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3
Q

What is colic? When does it disappear?

A

Unexplained crying in infants. Rule of 3: crying for 3+ hours a day for 3+ days in a week or longer than 3 weeks. Should resolve after 3-6 months

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4
Q

Food introduction in infants? Order and time?

A

Earliest food introduction at 4 months. Eat same food 3 days in a row. Start with cereal, followed by vegetables, fruit, and meat

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5
Q

Foods to avoid in first 12 months?

A

Excess protein and sugar. Honey dt risk of botulism, cows milk (not enough nutrients)

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6
Q

Nutrition for toddlers? Food jags?

A

3 meals, 2 snacks. No more than 3-4oz of juice (excess sugar). Food jags start around age 3. Provide all necessary food for infants. Do not force them to feed

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7
Q

Toddler sleep requirements and things to avoid

A

Avoid bottles in bed and bottle propping (increases cavities and ear infections). Promote healthy sleep habits. Require 11-13 hours per day (counting 2 naps)

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8
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

Happens in infants 6-9 months. Scared to meet new people, afraid to leave parents

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9
Q

What is separation anxiety? Other name? Stages?

A

Acyclic depression. When parents leave child. 3 phases: protest (crying when parents are leaving), despair (child stays depressed after they leave), detachment (child does not care). Not a continuum. Teaches object permanence: explain in toddler terms

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10
Q

When should toddlers stop using pacifiers?

A

After age 2. Misaligns teeth

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11
Q

Rituals in toddlers?

A

Child becomes upset or throws tantrum when their routine is disrupted. Should be gone by age 5

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12
Q

When does toilet training begin?

A

Child is cognitively ready aged 2-3. Some insights saying child might be ready: When the child remains dry for 2-3 hours, shows discomfort with a dirty diaper, comes to parents with dry diapers

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13
Q

Concept of illness with toddlers

A

Separation = punishment or abandonment. Should understand object permanence by 24 months

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14
Q

Timeout?

A

One minute per year

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15
Q

Sleep requirements for preschoolers

A

10-13 hours

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16
Q

Eating habits of preschoolers

A

Become very picky. Less picky around age 5. Don’t force feed

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17
Q

Fiber equation for children

A

Age in years + 5 = grams of fiber needed per day

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18
Q

What is a night terror?

A

When child has a nightmare but stays asleep. They act out the nightmare but stay asleep. Do not wake them up. Night terrors are not remembered by preschoolers

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19
Q

When does sleepwalking start and what can parents do?

A

Around 4 years. Set alarms and put up gates.

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20
Q

When is bedwetting (enuresis) no longer normal? Primary vs secondary?

A

Should stop by age 7. Primary is when child has never had a dry night. Secondary is after a child has been dry for 6 months. Caused by UTI, sickness, or stress

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21
Q

What age and stage are conservation and reversibility established?

A

7-11: concrete observational stage

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22
Q

Sleep requirements for school aged children

A

9-11 hours of sleep. Establish healthy bedtime routine and habits

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23
Q

When are naps no longer appropriate?

A

After 6 years

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24
Q

Adolescent sleep?

A

Circadian rhythm changes to 11-9. Require 9 hours of sleep but with rhythm changes and school, that is unachievable

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25
Q

How does ear assessment differ from adult to child

A

Under 3 years: down and back
Over 3 years: up and back

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26
Q

Stomach Palpitation and note for children under 1

A

Stomach hernias are common in babies under 1 year. Always listen before palpation

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27
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

2-3 months

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28
Q

When do moro, tonic neck, and rooting reflexes disappear?

A

4 months

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29
Q

When to first teeth begin erupting?

A

6 months

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30
Q

Birth weight changes at 6 months and 12 months?

A

Doubles at 6 months, triples at 12 months

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31
Q

When does anterior fontanelle close

A

12-18 months

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32
Q

When do toddlers gain sphincter control?

A

18 months

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33
Q

When is child’s birth weight quadrupled?

A

30 months

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34
Q

When should head lag disappear?

A

6 months

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35
Q

When should child be able to sit unsupported?

A

6 months

36
Q

When should child be able to roll over?

A

6 months

37
Q

What are normal gross motor expectations of a child at 9 months

A

Prone to standing, creeping, prone to sitting

38
Q

Around what age do children begin walking and when is inability to walk a red flag?

A

Walking around 12-18 months. No walking past 18 months is a red flag

39
Q

What gross motor skills do 18 month olds have?

A

Run clumsily, fall often. Walk up stairs with hand held. Pushes and pulls toys. Seats self. Squats to pick up objects

40
Q

Gross motor skills of a 24 month old?

A

Up and down stairs with two feet. Runs well. Picks up objects without falling. Kicks ball forward without falling.

41
Q

Gross motor skills of a 30 month old

A

Jumps with both feet. Jumps from chair or step

42
Q

Gross motor skills of a 3 year old

A

Can pedal a tricycle and jump forward

43
Q

Gross motor skills of a 4 year old

A

Hops and can stand on one foot. Can catch a bounced ball

44
Q

Gross motor skills of a 5 year old

A

Swings, somersaults, climbs

45
Q

When to children gain palmar grasp?

A

6 months

46
Q

What are fine motor skills of a 4 month old?

A

Inspects with hands. Reaches out but overshoots

47
Q

When do hand to hand movements start?

A

6 months

48
Q

Fine motor skills of a 6 month old

A

Raking grasp, palmar grasp, hand to hand movements

49
Q

Fine motor skills of a 9 month old

A

Pincer grasp. Able to hold objects with finger and thumb. Can feed self

50
Q

Fine motor skills of a 12 month old

A

Attempts 2 block tower but fails. Can turn pages but many at a time. Assists with dressing.

51
Q

Fine motor skills of a 18 month old

A

3-4 block tower. Can turn 2-3 pages in book. Scribbles. Can roll a ball

52
Q

Fine motor skills of a 24 month old

A

6-7 block tower. Turn pages of a book one at a time. Can get dressed independently. Can imitate a circle drawing

53
Q

Fine motor skills of a 30 month old

A

Builds tower of 8+ blocks. Can turn a door handle. Screws lid on and off.

54
Q

Fine motor skills of preschoolers

A

Button and unbutton clothes. Can use a pencil. Uses scissors (5y)

55
Q

Vocalization/language of 2 month old

A

coos

56
Q

Vocalization/language of 4 month old

A

Laughs and squeals

57
Q

Vocalization/language of 6 month old

A

Single syllables (ma, da). Babbling. Likes to hear self talk. No meaning to words

58
Q

Vocalization/language of 9 month old

A

Babbling. Understands no. Copies words

59
Q

When is echolalia a sign of autism?

A

Past 3 years

60
Q

Vocalization/language of 12 month old

A

Says 3-5 words other than dada and mama. Understands meaning of several words. Recognizes objects by name. Imitates animal sounds

61
Q

Vocalization/language of 18 month old

A

Says 10 or more words. Points to common objects. Names two body parts

62
Q

Vocalization/language of 24 month old

A

Two word sentences. Names 5 body parts. Understands directional commands. Talks constantly

63
Q

Vocalization/language of 30 month old

A

3 word sentences. Can give first and last name. Names one color

64
Q

Vocalization/language of preschoolers

A

3: strangers understand 75% of what they say. 4: strangers understand 100% of what they say. Four word sentences. 5: full sentences

65
Q

Socialization of 2 month old

A

Starts social smile

66
Q

Socialization of 4 month old

A

Fussy when alone

67
Q

Socialization of 6 month old

A

Recognizes parents. Begins to fear strangers (stranger anxiety 6-9 months). Recognizes friends

68
Q

Socialization of 9 month old

A

Doesn’t want to be alone. Has favorite toy. Scared of new people. Loves peek-a-boo

69
Q

Socialization of 12 month old

A

Shows emotion. Fearful in strange situations. Clingy. May have security object

70
Q

Socialization of 18 month old

A

Imitator. Temper tantrums. Awareness of ownership. Dependence on transitional objects

71
Q

Socialization of 24 month old

A

Parallel play. Temper tantrums decrease. Dresses self. Increased independence. Aware of other feelings

72
Q

Socialization of 30 month old

A

Separates more easily from parents. Helps put things away. Begins to notice gender differences. Can toilet but needs help wiping

73
Q

Socialization of preschoolers

A

Pretend play at 3, may be able to differentiate between real and fake by 4, should differentiate by 5

74
Q

Vision of 2 month old

A

Focuses on faces

75
Q

Vision of 4 month old

A

Binocularity. Begins hand eye coordination

76
Q

Vision of 6/7 month old

A

Color vision starts at 7 months. Moves to see objects. Prefers complex visual stimulation

77
Q

Vision of 9 month old

A

Stereopsis (depth perception) develops

78
Q

Vision of 12 month old

A

Discriminates simple geometric forms

79
Q

Vision of 18 month old

A

Acuity of 20/40. Binocularity is fully developed

80
Q

Vision 24 months to 5 years

A

Gradually develops

81
Q

Red flag of sitting

A

Unable to sit by self by 9 months. Should be sitting alone at 6 months

82
Q

Red flag of transferring objects

A

Unable to transfer objects hand to hand by one year. Hand to hand transfers begin at 6 months

83
Q

Red flag of palmar and pincer grasp

A

No palmar by 9 months. No pincer by 15 months

84
Q

Red flag for language and speech

A

Unable to speak recognizable words by 24 months

85
Q

Red flags of preschoolers

A

3+: cannot dress themselves. Doesn’t want to play with other children. Thumb sucking after age 4. Preschoolers who cannot complete self care tasks. Preschoolers who do not want to socialize or play with others

Exam 2 Peds (11 decks)

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