Development Flashcards
Sleep requirements of an infant
12-14 hours
First teeth come in at __ months. What is the teeth formula?
6 months. Teeth = Age in months - 6
What is colic? When does it disappear?
Unexplained crying in infants. Rule of 3: crying for 3+ hours a day for 3+ days in a week or longer than 3 weeks. Should resolve after 3-6 months
Food introduction in infants? Order and time?
Earliest food introduction at 4 months. Eat same food 3 days in a row. Start with cereal, followed by vegetables, fruit, and meat
Foods to avoid in first 12 months?
Excess protein and sugar. Honey dt risk of botulism, cows milk (not enough nutrients)
Nutrition for toddlers? Food jags?
3 meals, 2 snacks. No more than 3-4oz of juice (excess sugar). Food jags start around age 3. Provide all necessary food for infants. Do not force them to feed
Toddler sleep requirements and things to avoid
Avoid bottles in bed and bottle propping (increases cavities and ear infections). Promote healthy sleep habits. Require 11-13 hours per day (counting 2 naps)
What is stranger anxiety?
Happens in infants 6-9 months. Scared to meet new people, afraid to leave parents
What is separation anxiety? Other name? Stages?
Acyclic depression. When parents leave child. 3 phases: protest (crying when parents are leaving), despair (child stays depressed after they leave), detachment (child does not care). Not a continuum. Teaches object permanence: explain in toddler terms
When should toddlers stop using pacifiers?
After age 2. Misaligns teeth
Rituals in toddlers?
Child becomes upset or throws tantrum when their routine is disrupted. Should be gone by age 5
When does toilet training begin?
Child is cognitively ready aged 2-3. Some insights saying child might be ready: When the child remains dry for 2-3 hours, shows discomfort with a dirty diaper, comes to parents with dry diapers
Concept of illness with toddlers
Separation = punishment or abandonment. Should understand object permanence by 24 months
Timeout?
One minute per year
Sleep requirements for preschoolers
10-13 hours
Eating habits of preschoolers
Become very picky. Less picky around age 5. Don’t force feed
Fiber equation for children
Age in years + 5 = grams of fiber needed per day
What is a night terror?
When child has a nightmare but stays asleep. They act out the nightmare but stay asleep. Do not wake them up. Night terrors are not remembered by preschoolers
When does sleepwalking start and what can parents do?
Around 4 years. Set alarms and put up gates.
When is bedwetting (enuresis) no longer normal? Primary vs secondary?
Should stop by age 7. Primary is when child has never had a dry night. Secondary is after a child has been dry for 6 months. Caused by UTI, sickness, or stress
What age and stage are conservation and reversibility established?
7-11: concrete observational stage
Sleep requirements for school aged children
9-11 hours of sleep. Establish healthy bedtime routine and habits
When are naps no longer appropriate?
After 6 years
Adolescent sleep?
Circadian rhythm changes to 11-9. Require 9 hours of sleep but with rhythm changes and school, that is unachievable
How does ear assessment differ from adult to child
Under 3 years: down and back
Over 3 years: up and back
Stomach Palpitation and note for children under 1
Stomach hernias are common in babies under 1 year. Always listen before palpation
When does the posterior fontanelle close?
2-3 months
When do moro, tonic neck, and rooting reflexes disappear?
4 months
When to first teeth begin erupting?
6 months
Birth weight changes at 6 months and 12 months?
Doubles at 6 months, triples at 12 months
When does anterior fontanelle close
12-18 months
When do toddlers gain sphincter control?
18 months
When is child’s birth weight quadrupled?
30 months
When should head lag disappear?
6 months
When should child be able to sit unsupported?
6 months
When should child be able to roll over?
6 months
What are normal gross motor expectations of a child at 9 months
Prone to standing, creeping, prone to sitting
Around what age do children begin walking and when is inability to walk a red flag?
Walking around 12-18 months. No walking past 18 months is a red flag
What gross motor skills do 18 month olds have?
Run clumsily, fall often. Walk up stairs with hand held. Pushes and pulls toys. Seats self. Squats to pick up objects
Gross motor skills of a 24 month old?
Up and down stairs with two feet. Runs well. Picks up objects without falling. Kicks ball forward without falling.
Gross motor skills of a 30 month old
Jumps with both feet. Jumps from chair or step
Gross motor skills of a 3 year old
Can pedal a tricycle and jump forward
Gross motor skills of a 4 year old
Hops and can stand on one foot. Can catch a bounced ball
Gross motor skills of a 5 year old
Swings, somersaults, climbs
When to children gain palmar grasp?
6 months
What are fine motor skills of a 4 month old?
Inspects with hands. Reaches out but overshoots
When do hand to hand movements start?
6 months
Fine motor skills of a 6 month old
Raking grasp, palmar grasp, hand to hand movements
Fine motor skills of a 9 month old
Pincer grasp. Able to hold objects with finger and thumb. Can feed self
Fine motor skills of a 12 month old
Attempts 2 block tower but fails. Can turn pages but many at a time. Assists with dressing.
Fine motor skills of a 18 month old
3-4 block tower. Can turn 2-3 pages in book. Scribbles. Can roll a ball
Fine motor skills of a 24 month old
6-7 block tower. Turn pages of a book one at a time. Can get dressed independently. Can imitate a circle drawing
Fine motor skills of a 30 month old
Builds tower of 8+ blocks. Can turn a door handle. Screws lid on and off.
Fine motor skills of preschoolers
Button and unbutton clothes. Can use a pencil. Uses scissors (5y)
Vocalization/language of 2 month old
coos
Vocalization/language of 4 month old
Laughs and squeals
Vocalization/language of 6 month old
Single syllables (ma, da). Babbling. Likes to hear self talk. No meaning to words
Vocalization/language of 9 month old
Babbling. Understands no. Copies words
When is echolalia a sign of autism?
Past 3 years
Vocalization/language of 12 month old
Says 3-5 words other than dada and mama. Understands meaning of several words. Recognizes objects by name. Imitates animal sounds
Vocalization/language of 18 month old
Says 10 or more words. Points to common objects. Names two body parts
Vocalization/language of 24 month old
Two word sentences. Names 5 body parts. Understands directional commands. Talks constantly
Vocalization/language of 30 month old
3 word sentences. Can give first and last name. Names one color
Vocalization/language of preschoolers
3: strangers understand 75% of what they say. 4: strangers understand 100% of what they say. Four word sentences. 5: full sentences
Socialization of 2 month old
Starts social smile
Socialization of 4 month old
Fussy when alone
Socialization of 6 month old
Recognizes parents. Begins to fear strangers (stranger anxiety 6-9 months). Recognizes friends
Socialization of 9 month old
Doesn’t want to be alone. Has favorite toy. Scared of new people. Loves peek-a-boo
Socialization of 12 month old
Shows emotion. Fearful in strange situations. Clingy. May have security object
Socialization of 18 month old
Imitator. Temper tantrums. Awareness of ownership. Dependence on transitional objects
Socialization of 24 month old
Parallel play. Temper tantrums decrease. Dresses self. Increased independence. Aware of other feelings
Socialization of 30 month old
Separates more easily from parents. Helps put things away. Begins to notice gender differences. Can toilet but needs help wiping
Socialization of preschoolers
Pretend play at 3, may be able to differentiate between real and fake by 4, should differentiate by 5
Vision of 2 month old
Focuses on faces
Vision of 4 month old
Binocularity. Begins hand eye coordination
Vision of 6/7 month old
Color vision starts at 7 months. Moves to see objects. Prefers complex visual stimulation
Vision of 9 month old
Stereopsis (depth perception) develops
Vision of 12 month old
Discriminates simple geometric forms
Vision of 18 month old
Acuity of 20/40. Binocularity is fully developed
Vision 24 months to 5 years
Gradually develops
Red flag of sitting
Unable to sit by self by 9 months. Should be sitting alone at 6 months
Red flag of transferring objects
Unable to transfer objects hand to hand by one year. Hand to hand transfers begin at 6 months
Red flag of palmar and pincer grasp
No palmar by 9 months. No pincer by 15 months
Red flag for language and speech
Unable to speak recognizable words by 24 months
Red flags of preschoolers
3+: cannot dress themselves. Doesn’t want to play with other children. Thumb sucking after age 4. Preschoolers who cannot complete self care tasks. Preschoolers who do not want to socialize or play with others
