Derma 1 Flashcards
They are concentric spherical shells of phospholipids in an aqueous medium that may enhance percutaneous absorption. It penetrate compromised epidermal barriers more efficiently
Liposomes
They are polymers that may enhance solubilization of certain drugs,
thereby enhancing penetration and diminishing irritancy.
Microgels
They are a drug-delivery technology based on highly deformable, ultraflexible lipid vesicles that penetrate the skin when applied non-occlusively
Transfersome
- They are prescribed frequently for their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties.
- They are administered locally, through topical and intralesional routes, and systemically, through intramuscular, intravenous, and oral routes.
- MOA include a) apoptosis of lymphocytes, b) inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid cascade c) depression of production of many cytokines, and d) myriad effects on inflammatory cells.
Glucocorticoids
Chronic use of can cause skin atrophy, striae, telangiectasias, purpura, and acneiform eruptions.
• Because perioral dermatitis and rosacea can develop after the use of fluorinated
compounds on the face, they should not be used in this site
class I topical glucocorticoids
- It is used for severe dermatological illnesses.
- In general, it is best to reserve this method for allergic contact dermatitis to plants (e.g., poison ivy) and for life-threatening vesiculobullous dermatoses such as pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid.
Systemic glucocorticoid therapy
Pulse therapy using large intravenous doses of ____ is an option for severe resistant pyoderma gangrenosum, pemphigus vulgaris, systemic lupus erythematosus with
multisystem disease, and dermatomyositis.
methylprednisolone sodium succinate
Long-term use of this is associated with a number of complications, including psychiatric problems, cataracts, myopathy, osteoporosis, avascular bone necrosis, glucose intolerance or overt diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.
glucocorticoids
- It include natural compounds and synthetic derivatives of retinol that exhibit vitamin A activity.
- It have many important functions throughout the body, including roles in vision, regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation and bone growth, immune defense, and tumor suppression.
Retinoids
a derivative of naphthoic acid with retinoid-like properties, does not
fit precisely into any of the three generations.
Adapalene
First-generation retinoids include:
- tretinoin
- isotretinoin
- alitretinoin
Second-generation retinoids, also known as aromatic retinoids were created by alteration of the cyclic end group
acitretin
Third-generation retinoids contain further modifications and are called arotinoids. Members of this generation include
- tazarotene
- bexarotene
can bind to several retinoid receptors because of the flexibility imparted by their alternating single and double bonds. This relative lack of receptor specificity may lead to greater side effects.
First- and second-generation retinoids
The structures of ___ are much less flexible than those of earlier-generation retinoids and therefore interact with fewer retinoid receptors.
third-generation retinoids
Side effects of retinoids include
- dry skin,
- nosebleeds from dry mucous membranes,
- conjunctivitis, and
- hair loss
Oral retinoids are ___ and cause severe fetal malformations. Because of this, systemic retinoids should be used with great caution in females of childbearing potential.
potent teratogens
• It has been used in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
• A primary use for it is to reduce the hyperkeratinization that leads to microcomedone
formation, the initial lesion in acne.
• improves photodamaged human skin.
Tretinoin
- A derivative of naphthoic acid, is a synthetic retinoid-like compound.
- In addition to displaying typical retinoid effects, it also has anti-inflammatory properties.
- It has similar efficacy to tretinoin, but unlike tretinoin, it is stable in sunlight and tends to be less irritating.
Adapalene
- It is a third-generation retinoid approved for the treatment of psoriasis and acne vulgaris.
- In cell culture, it suppresses markers of epidermal inflammation and inhibits cornification of the keratinocyte.
- Side effects of burning, itching, and skin irritation are relatively common, and patients should avoid sun exposure
Tazarotene
- Oral ____ is approved for the treatment of severe nodulocystic acne vulgaris.
- The drug has remarkable efficacy in severe acne and may induce prolonged remissions after a single course of therapy.
- It normalizes keratinization in the sebaceous follicle, reduces sebocyte number with decreased sebum synthesis, and reduces Propionibacterium acnes, the organism that produces inflammation in acne
isotretinoin
It is prescribed for:
- severe, recalcitrant nodular acne
- moderate acne unresponsive to oral antibiotics
- acne that produces scarring
• It also is used commonly for other related disorders, such as gram- negative folliculitis, acne rosacea, and hidradenitis suppurativa
Isotretinoin
- most commonly, including cheilitis, mucous membrane dryness, epistaxis, dry eyes, blepharoconjunctivitis, erythematous eruptions, and xerosis.
- Alteration of epidermal surfaces may facilitate Staphylococcus aureus colonization and, rarely, subsequent infection.
- Hair loss, exuberant granulation tissue formation, photosensitivity, and dark adaptation dysfunction are rarer occurrences.
- Hyperlipidemia
- Myalgia and arthralgia
Isotretinoin
Headaches occur and rarely are a symptom of pseudotumor cerebri. Use of isotretinoin concomitantly with ____ antibiotics may increase the risk of pseudotumor cerebri.
tetracycline
Long-term therapy of Isotretinoin may produce skeletal side effects, including diffuse
idiopathic skeletal hyperosteoses, extraskeletal ossification (particularly at tendinous insertions), and ____.
premature epiphyseal closure in children
- The most erythrogenic and melanogenic type of radiation.
* It is the major action spectrum for sunburn, tanning, skin cancer, and photoaging.
UVB
• It is a potent vasodilator, bronchial smooth muscle constrictor, and stimulant of nociceptive itch nerves.
Histamine
H1 and H2 receptors are involved in ___ and ___, whereas only H1 receptor agonists cause ____.
- wheal formation and erythema
- pruritus
Which has tricyclic antidepressant and sedative antihistamine effects, is a good alternative for severe pruritus.
Doxepin(ADAPIN, SINEQUAN)
