Derma 1

Question 1

They are concentric spherical shells of phospholipids in an aqueous medium that may enhance percutaneous absorption. It penetrate compromised epidermal barriers more efficiently

Answer 1

Liposomes

Question 2

They are polymers that may enhance solubilization of certain drugs,
thereby enhancing penetration and diminishing irritancy.

Answer 2

Microgels

Question 3

They are a drug-delivery technology based on highly deformable, ultraflexible lipid vesicles that penetrate the skin when applied non-occlusively

Answer 3

Transfersome

Question 4

• They are prescribed frequently for their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties.
• They are administered locally, through topical and intralesional routes, and systemically, through intramuscular, intravenous, and oral routes.
• MOA include a) apoptosis of lymphocytes, b) inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid cascade c) depression of production of many cytokines, and d) myriad effects on inflammatory cells.

Answer 4

Glucocorticoids

Question 5

Chronic use of can cause skin atrophy, striae, telangiectasias, purpura, and acneiform eruptions.
• Because perioral dermatitis and rosacea can develop after the use of fluorinated
compounds on the face, they should not be used in this site

Answer 5

class I topical glucocorticoids

Question 6

• It is used for severe dermatological illnesses.
• In general, it is best to reserve this method for allergic contact dermatitis to plants (e.g., poison ivy) and for life-threatening vesiculobullous dermatoses such as pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid.

Answer 6

Systemic glucocorticoid therapy

Question 7

Pulse therapy using large intravenous doses of ____ is an option for severe resistant pyoderma gangrenosum, pemphigus vulgaris, systemic lupus erythematosus with
multisystem disease, and dermatomyositis.

Answer 7

methylprednisolone sodium succinate

Question 8

Long-term use of this is associated with a number of complications, including psychiatric problems, cataracts, myopathy, osteoporosis, avascular bone necrosis, glucose intolerance or overt diabetes mellitus, and hypertension.

Answer 8

glucocorticoids

Question 9

• It include natural compounds and synthetic derivatives of retinol that exhibit vitamin A activity.
• It have many important functions throughout the body, including roles in vision, regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation and bone growth, immune defense, and tumor suppression.

Answer 9

Retinoids

Question 10

a derivative of naphthoic acid with retinoid-like properties, does not
fit precisely into any of the three generations.

Answer 10

Adapalene

Question 11

First-generation retinoids include:

Answer 11

• tretinoin
• isotretinoin
• alitretinoin

Question 12

Second-generation retinoids, also known as aromatic retinoids were created by alteration of the cyclic end group

Answer 12

acitretin

Question 13

Third-generation retinoids contain further modifications and are called arotinoids. Members of this generation include

Answer 13

• tazarotene

- bexarotene

Question 14

can bind to several retinoid receptors because of the flexibility imparted by their alternating single and double bonds. This relative lack of receptor specificity may lead to greater side effects.

Answer 14

First- and second-generation retinoids

Question 15

The structures of ___ are much less flexible than those of earlier-generation retinoids and therefore interact with fewer retinoid receptors.

Answer 15

third-generation retinoids

Question 16

Side effects of retinoids include

Answer 16

• dry skin,
• nosebleeds from dry mucous membranes,
• conjunctivitis, and
• hair loss

Question 17

Oral retinoids are ___ and cause severe fetal malformations. Because of this, systemic retinoids should be used with great caution in females of childbearing potential.

Answer 17

potent teratogens

Question 18

• It has been used in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
• A primary use for it is to reduce the hyperkeratinization that leads to microcomedone
formation, the initial lesion in acne.
• improves photodamaged human skin.

Answer 18

Tretinoin

Question 19

• A derivative of naphthoic acid, is a synthetic retinoid-like compound.
• In addition to displaying typical retinoid effects, it also has anti-inflammatory properties.
• It has similar efficacy to tretinoin, but unlike tretinoin, it is stable in sunlight and tends to be less irritating.

Answer 19

Adapalene

Question 20

• It is a third-generation retinoid approved for the treatment of psoriasis and acne vulgaris.
• In cell culture, it suppresses markers of epidermal inflammation and inhibits cornification of the keratinocyte.
• Side effects of burning, itching, and skin irritation are relatively common, and patients should avoid sun exposure

Answer 20

Tazarotene

Question 21

• Oral ____ is approved for the treatment of severe nodulocystic acne vulgaris.
• The drug has remarkable efficacy in severe acne and may induce prolonged remissions after a single course of therapy.
• It normalizes keratinization in the sebaceous follicle, reduces sebocyte number with decreased sebum synthesis, and reduces Propionibacterium acnes, the organism that produces inflammation in acne

Answer 21

isotretinoin

Question 22

It is prescribed for:
- severe, recalcitrant nodular acne
- moderate acne unresponsive to oral antibiotics
- acne that produces scarring
• It also is used commonly for other related disorders, such as gram- negative folliculitis, acne rosacea, and hidradenitis suppurativa

Answer 22

Isotretinoin

Question 23

• most commonly, including cheilitis, mucous membrane dryness, epistaxis, dry eyes, blepharoconjunctivitis, erythematous eruptions, and xerosis.
• Alteration of epidermal surfaces may facilitate Staphylococcus aureus colonization and, rarely, subsequent infection.
• Hair loss, exuberant granulation tissue formation, photosensitivity, and dark adaptation dysfunction are rarer occurrences.
• Hyperlipidemia
• Myalgia and arthralgia

Answer 23

Isotretinoin

Question 24

Headaches occur and rarely are a symptom of pseudotumor cerebri. Use of isotretinoin concomitantly with ____ antibiotics may increase the risk of pseudotumor cerebri.

Answer 24

tetracycline

Question 25

Long-term therapy of Isotretinoin may produce skeletal side effects, including diffuse
idiopathic skeletal hyperosteoses, extraskeletal ossification (particularly at tendinous insertions), and ____.

Answer 25

premature epiphyseal closure in children

Question 26

• The most erythrogenic and melanogenic type of radiation.

* It is the major action spectrum for sunburn, tanning, skin cancer, and photoaging.

Answer 26

UVB

Question 27

• It is a potent vasodilator, bronchial smooth muscle constrictor, and stimulant of nociceptive itch nerves.

Answer 27

Histamine

Question 28

H1 and H2 receptors are involved in ___ and ___, whereas only H1 receptor agonists cause ____.

Answer 28

• wheal formation and erythema

- pruritus

Question 29

Which has tricyclic antidepressant and sedative antihistamine effects, is a good alternative for severe pruritus.

Answer 29

Doxepin(ADAPIN, SINEQUAN)