Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHARMA > CHEMO > Flashcards

CHEMO Flashcards

1
Q

An anticancer agent that acts on tumor stem cells when they are traversing the cell
cycle and when they are in the resting phase.

A

Cell cycle-nonspecific (CCNS) Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An anticancer agents that acts selectively on tumor stem cells when they are traversing the cell cycle and not when they are in the G0 phase.

A

Cell cycle-specific (CCS) Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The proportion of cells in a tumor population that are actively dividing

A

Growth fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A drug that suppresses the formation of mature blood cells such as erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets. This effect is also known as “bone marrow suppression.”

A

Myelosuppressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A mutant form of a normal gene that is found in naturally occurring tumors and which, when expressed in noncancerous cells, causes them to behave like cancer cells.

A

Oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Act with first-order kinetics. A given dose kills a constant proportion of a cell population rather than a constant number of cells.

A

Cytotoxic Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proposes that the magnitude of tumor cell kill by anticancer drugs is a logarithmic
function.

A

Log-Kill Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

There is an inverse relationship between tumor cell number and curability.

A

Hematologic malignancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most do not grow in an exponential manner; rather, the growth fraction of the tumor decreases with time owing to blood supply limitations and other factors.

A

Solid tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The response to chemotherapy depends on where the tumor is in its growth curve.

A

Drug-sensitive solid tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Changes in drug sensitivity and increased synthesis of target enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase

A

Methotrexate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Increased activity of enzymes capable of inactivating anticancer drugs

A

Purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Drug therapy as primary treatment
  • Many hematologic cancers
  • Advanced solid tumors for which no alternative treatment exists
  • Curative in a small number of patients with advanced metastatic disease (eg. lymphoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, choriocarcinoma, and several childhood
    cancers)
  • In many cases the goals of therapy are:
    > Palliation of cancer symptoms
    > Improved quality of life
    > Increased time to tumor progression
A

Primary Induction Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Use of chemotherapy in patients who present with localized cancer for which alternative local therapy, such as surgery, exist.
  • Goal:
    > To render the local therapy more effective
A

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Used in the treatment of many solid tumors
  • Chemotherapy serves as an important adjuvant to local treatment procedures such as surgery or radiation.
  • Goals:
    > To reduce the risk of local and systemic recurrence
    > To improve disease-free and overall survival
A

Adjuvant Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Benefits of Combination Therapy

A
  • Increases log-kill markedly
  • Synergistic effects in some cases
  • Often cytotoxic to a heterogeneous population of cancer cells
  • May prevent development of resistant clones
17
Q
  • Dexrazoxane
  • Inhibits free radical formation
  • Affords protection against the cardiac toxicity of these agents
A

Anthracyclines (eg. doxorubicin)

18
Q
  • Leucoverin
  • Form of tetrahydrofolate that is accumulated more readily by normal than by neoplastic cells.
  • Results in rescue of the normal cells.
A

Methotrexate

19
Q
  • Mercaptoethanesulfonate (mesna)
  • “Traps” acrolein released by cyclophosphamide
  • Thus reduces incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis
A

Cyclophosphamide

20
Q
  • are CCNS drugs.
  • Form reactive molecular species that alkylate nucleophilic groups on DNA bases, particularly the N-7 position of guanine.
  • Leads to cross-linking of bases, abnormal base-pairing, and DNA strand breakage.
A

Alkylating Agents

21
Q
  • Hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation is needed for antitumor
    activity.
  • One of the breakdown products is acrolein.
  • Expected adverse effect includes GI distress, myelosupression, and alopecia
A

Cyclophosphamide

22
Q

Clinical Use of Cyclophosphamide

A
  • leeukemia
  • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  • Breast and Ovarian cancers
  • Neuroblastoma
23
Q

Cyclophosphamide Toxicity

A
  • hemorrhagic cystitis from formation of acrolein
  • cardiac dysfunction
  • Pulmonary toxicity
  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
24
Q
  • Spontaneously converts in the body to a reactive cytotoxic product
  • Best known for use in: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  • common toxic effects includes GI distress, myelosupression, alopecia, and sterility
A

Mechlorethamine

25
Q
  • Used intravenously

- The drugs distribute to most tissues and are cleared in an unchanged form by the kidney

A

Platinum Analogs (Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin)

26
Q
  • commonly used for testicular carcinoma and cancers of the bladder, lung, and ovary
  • used in advanced colon cancer
A
  • Cisplatin & Carboplatin

- Oxaliplatin:

27
Q

Cisplatin Toxicity

A
  • GI distress
  • Mild hematotoxicity
  • Neurotoxic (peripheral neuritis and acoustic nerve damage)
  • Nephrotoxic - may be reduced by use of mannitol with forced hydration
28
Q

Carboplatin Toxicity

Oxaliplatin Toxicity

A
  • Less nephrotoxic than cisplatin
  • Less likely to cause tinnitus and hearing loss
  • Greater myelosuppressant actions
  • Dose-limiting neurotoxicity
29
Q
  • A reactive agent that forms hydrogen peroxide, which generates free radicals that cause DNA strand scission.
  • Orally active
  • Penetrates into most tissues, including the CSF
  • Eliminated via hepatic metabolism
  • Use. for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Brain tumors
A

Procarbazine

30
Q

Procarbazine Toxicity

A
  • Myelosuppressant
  • GI irritation
  • CNS dysfunction
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Skin reactions
  • Inhibits many enzymes in including monoamine oxidase and and those involved in hepatic drug metabolism.
  • Disulfiram-like reactions have occurred with ethanol
  • Leuokemogenic
31
Q

Sometimes used in chronic myelogenous leukemia

- Causes adrenal insufficiency, pulmonary fibrosis, and skin pigmentation

A

Busulfan

32
Q
  • Other alkylating drugs that is highly lipid-soluble and used in brain tumors
  • Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Causes alopecia, skin rash, GI distress, myelosuppression,
    phototoxicity, and a flu-like syndrome
A
  • Carmustine & Lomustine

- Dacarbazine

33
Q
  • Structurally similar to endogenous compounds
  • Antagonists of folic acid (methotrexate), purines (mercaptopurine, thioguanine), or pyrimidines (fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine).
  • CCS drugs acting primarily in the S phase of the cell cycle.
  • Cytotoxic effects on neoplastic cells
  • Immunosuppressant
A

Antimetabolites

34
Q
  • Inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase
  • This leads to decreased synthesis of thymidylate, purine nucleotides, and amino acids and thus interferes with nucleic acid and protein metabolism.
  • The formation of polyglutamate derivatives of methotrexate appears to be important for cytotoxic actions.
  • Decreased drug accumulation
  • Changes in drug sensitivity or activity of dihydrofolate reductase
  • Decreased formation of polyglutamates
A

Methotrexate

35
Q

Clinical Use of Methotrexate:

  • Effective in:
  • Solid tumors
  • other uses
A

Effective in:

  • Choriocarcinoma
  • Acute leukemias
  • Non-Hodgkin’s and Primary
  • CNS lymphomas

Solid tumors:

  • breast cancer,
  • head and neck cancer, and
  • bladder cancer

Other uses:

  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • psoriasis &
  • ectopic pregnancy
36
Q

Methotrexate Toxicity
Common:
Leocovarin Rescue:
Long Term Use:

A

Common

  • bone marrow suppression
  • Toxic effects on the skin and GI mucosa (mucositis)

Leucovarin Rescue
- toxic effect of methotrexate on normal cells may be reduced by administration of folinic acid (leucovorin).

Long-Term Use

  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Pulmonary infiltrates and fibrosis
37
Q
  • Purine antimetabolites
  • Activated by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (HGPRTases) to toxic
    nucleotides that inhibit several enzymes involved in purine metabolism.
  • Decreased activity of HGPRTase
  • Increase production of alkaline phosphotases that inactivate the toxic nucleotides
  • Low oral bioavailability because of first-pass metabolism by hepatic enzymes
A

Mercaptopurine (6-MP) and Thioguanin (6-TG)

38
Q

Main Clinical Use of Mercaptopurine (6-MP) and Thioguanin (6-TG)

A
  • Acute leukemias

- Chronic myelocytic leukemia

PHARMA (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions