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Path > Derm #4, Cardio #1 > Flashcards

Derm #4, Cardio #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is one of the main disorders of epidermal growth and differentiation?

A

seborrhea (primary, secondary)

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2
Q

What are some examples of common endocrinopathies?

A

Hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperestrogenism, pituitary dysfunction

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3
Q

What type of disorder is seborrhea?

A

Disorder in cornification

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4
Q

What are characteristics of seborrhea?

A

Clinically excessive scaling, greasiness, increased rate of epithelial turnover, abnormal intercellular lipids

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5
Q

What are the two types of seborrhea?

A

Primary (genetic disease) or secondary to other diseases

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6
Q

What does seborrhea look like grossly?

A

White scale on the surface of the skin

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7
Q

What is malassezia and what disorder is it commonly seen in?

A

Superficial yeast that likes the stratum corneum, makes keratosis worse, and will smell; common secondary agent to seborrhea

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8
Q

What are gross features of endocrine dermatopathies?

A

Bilaterally symmetric alopecia, epidermal thinning, hyperpigmentation, secondary bacterial pyoderma and seborrhea

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9
Q

What are microcopic changes associated with endocrine dermatopathies?

A

Hyperkeratosis, epidermal/dermal atrophy, adnexal atrophy, telogen hairs, +/- hyperpigmentation and superimposed inflammatory changes

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10
Q

What is this?

A

Malassezia - yeast associated with seborrhea

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11
Q

What 3 changes can be seen here?

A

Epidermal atrophy (arrow), orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, follicular hyperkeratosis

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12
Q

What is alopecia?

A

Lack or loss of hair

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13
Q

How does demodex cause alopecia?

A

Destroys some hair follicles

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14
Q

How do dermatophytes cause alopecia?

A

Destroy hairs

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15
Q

How do endocrinopathies, metabolic causes, toxins, and drugs cause alopecia?

A

Atrophy of follicles

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16
Q

What is hypertrichosis?

A

Too much hair - can be caused by hirsutism, tumors of the hypophysis, malnutrition, prolonged gestation

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17
Q

What is a common endocrinopathy that cats get that causes alopecia?

A

Feline psychogenic alopecia - cat gets stressed and licks all of its hair off

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18
Q

What disease is associated with bilateral alopecia in dogs?

A

Cushing’s

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19
Q

T/F: Seborrhea is an acute change

A

False

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20
Q

What are some examples of non-neoplastic tumors?

A

Follicular cysts, hamartomas, fibroadnexal dysplasia, calcinosis circumscripta, granulomas

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21
Q

What is this and what causes it?

A

Verrucous lesion; likely caused by a papillomavirus

22
Q

What is this cutaneous epithelial neoplasm? What is indicated by the blue arrow?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma: malignant epithelial neoplasm;

Blue arrow = neoplastic squamous epithelium

23
Q

What cutaneous neoplasm is seen here? What are they sometimes called?

A

Round cell tumor: Cutaneous histiocytoma (often in young dogs and benign)

AKA “button tumors”

24
Q

What change is seen here? What is the cause?

A

Lymphoma - we see irregular lymphocytes on histo; usually do not know the cause

25
Q

What change is seen here? Should we consider this to be benign or malignant?

A

Mast cell tumor; we should always consider these to be potentially malignant

26
Q

What is histologic grading? Who does this?

A

Classification based on microscopic appearance of a malignant neoplasm; done by a pathologist

27
Q

What is staging? Who does this?

A

Evaluating the extent of spread of a neoplasm in the body. It is a clinical assessment done by the rDVM.

28
Q

What can cats get as a reaction from vaccination? How should you vaccinate in order to make removal easier?

A

Vaccine-associated sarcomas; vaccinate on lower limb or on tail in case you have to amputate to remove the tumor

29
Q

What is this and what can it be a result of? (hint: it is from a cat)

A

Fibrosarcoma: malignant; can result from nodule formation that malignantly transformed into a sarcoma after vaccinating a cat

30
Q

What is this? Is it benign or malignant?

A

Lipoma; benign

Don’t grow back once removed, not difficult to remove

Common in Schnauzers and labs

31
Q

What is this? Is it neoplastic? What can be seen on histo?

A

Calcinosis circumscripta; not neoplastic; on histo see mineral bordered by macrophages and fibrous tissue

(Usually happens on pressure points in dogs, can be dx bc of white, chalky spots on cut surface)

32
Q

What is this? Is it neoplastic? What will happen if you squeeze it?

A

Follicular cyst (alopecic nodule, raised, soft, fluctuant and fluid-filled); non-neoplastic; if squeezed will have keratinized material

33
Q

What is this called once it is ruptured?

A

Furunculosis (ruptured cyst)

34
Q

What do you call a malignant neoplasm of sweat glands?

A

Apocrine adenocarcinoma

35
Q

What will happen if you have obstruction in the pulmonary vein or in the left heart?

A

Left-sided heart failure;

  • Back up of blood
  • Hydrostatic pressure increases –> pulmonary edema
  • Patient will cough a lot
  • There is a decrease in the amount of blood going forward
    • Kidneys take a large % of cardiac output
      • Start secreting renin to try to increase output
    • Sudden drop in output –> bad for brain –> fainting
36
Q

What will happen if you have right-sided heart failure?

A

Blood backs up into the systemic capillary beds

  • Hydrostatic pressure increases –> systemic edema
    • ​Thoracic and/or abdominal cavities
  • Congestion outside in the thoracic cavity, pericardium, liver, spleen
37
Q

Where do you find the most cross sectional area in the body’s vessels?

A

capillary beds

38
Q

What things are associated with acute cardiovascular failure?

A

Cardiac syncope, acute congestion of tissues, peripheral circulatory failure (hypovolemia), sudden death

39
Q

What things are associated with chronic cardiovascular failure?

A

Congestive heart failure –> pulmonary edema, ascites, hydrothorax, chronic passive liver congestion

40
Q

What are the 4 basic causes of heart failure?

A
  1. Systolic dysfunction (overload)
  2. Decreased functional cardiac muscle mass
  3. Altered myocardial contractility
  4. Diastolic dysfunction
41
Q

What occurs during systolic dysfunction that leads to heart failure?

A

Pressure overload due to valve stenosis and/or hypertension, volume overload due to valvular insufficiency

(Heart has to have increased pressure to get blood flowing through the valve)

42
Q

What are some things that cause decreased functional cardiac muscle mass, thus leading to heart failure?

A

Neoplasm, inflammation, myocardial infarct

43
Q

What are some things that alter myocardial contractility and ultimately lead to heart failure?

A

Arrythmia, advanced hypertrophy

44
Q

How does diastolic dysfunction lead to heart failure and what is an example of this?

A

There is impairment of ventricular filling;

EX: Cardiac tamponade - fluid builds in pericardium causing an increased pressure on the ventricles. Ventricles cannot fill/relax (often manifests as right sided heart failure)

45
Q

Of the following conditions, which are associated with diastolic failure vs. systolic failure?

A. Mitral valve insufficiency

B. Hemopericardium

C. Systemic hypertension

D. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

A = systolic

B = diastolic

C = systolic

D = diastolic

46
Q

What is a big cause for hemopericardium?

A

hemangiosarcoma

47
Q

When does heart failure occur in relation to compensatory mechanisms?

A

Occurs when compensatory mechanisms are inadequate

48
Q

What is the goal of compensatory mechanisms?

A

Maintaining cardiac output

49
Q

What are some examples of compensatory mechanisms?

A

Increased heart rate, altered peripheral resistance, decreased flow to non-vital organs, myocardial remodeling (hypertrophy), hypervolemia

50
Q

What two compensatory mechanisms are initially a good thing, but can become problematic if they happen chronically?

A

Hypertrophy and hypervolemia

51
Q

What two things are increased in hypervolemia and why?

A
  1. Fluid volume - due to renal retention of salt and water (renin-angiotensin system)
  2. RBCs - due to erythropoeitin

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