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Derm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

the integument

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2
Q

How does the integument serve as a barrier?

A

Bt animal and environment

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3
Q

What are the sensory components of the integument?

A

cold, heat, pain, pressure

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4
Q

T/F: The integument has only haired portions

A

FALSE; it has both haired and non-haired portions

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5
Q

What happens to anatomic features of the integument in different body regions?

A

they vary

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6
Q

What are the 3 defense mechanisms of the integument?

A
  1. Physical 2. Immunological 3. Regeneration and repair
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7
Q

What are the physical defense mechanisms of the integument?

A

hair coat, epithelium, stratum corneum

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8
Q

What are the immunological defense mechanisms of the integument?

A

Innate and adaptive

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9
Q

What are the innate immunological defenses?

A

Macrophage/dendritic cells, blood flow (coagulation, complement, leukocytes), lipid mediators

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10
Q

What are the adaptive immunological defenses?

A

Cell mediated and humoral

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11
Q

What are the regeneration and repair defense mechanisms of the integument?

A

Restitution of epithelium (wounds, fibroplasia, angiogenesis)

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12
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the integument?

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutis/panniculus

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13
Q

What is the epidermis made up of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

a lot of collagen

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15
Q

What is the subcutis/panniculus made up of?

A

mostly fat

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16
Q

Where can sebaceous and apocrine glands be found?

A

In the dermis

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17
Q

Where can hair follicles be found?

A

In the dermis

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18
Q

Identify #1

A

epidermis

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19
Q

Identify #2

A

Dermis

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20
Q

Identify #3

A

Hair follicle

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21
Q

Identify #4

A

Apocrine and sebaceous glands

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22
Q

What is the general appearance of sebaceous glands on histology?

A

“foamy”

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23
Q

What is the general appearance of apocrine glands on histology?

A

coiled and tubular

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24
Q

What is this entire structure?

A

Normal skin, dog

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25
Q

ID the blue layer

A

Statum corneum

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26
Q

ID the yellow layer

A

Stratum granulosum

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27
Q

ID the green layer

A

Stratum spinosum

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28
Q

ID the red layer

A

Stratum basale

29
Q

ID the white layer

A

Dermis

30
Q

ID the orange layer

A

basement membrane

31
Q

What is the stratum basale made up of and what do they give rise to?

A

Made up of replicating epithelial cells (regenerative); give rise to daughter cells that migrate to the spinosum layer

32
Q

What structure of the skin is not usually easily seen on histology?

A

basement membrane

33
Q

What are some exogenous factors that influence the skin?

A

Nutritional, microbial, chemical, physical, parasitic, actinic, allergic

34
Q

What are some endogenous facors that influence the skin?

A

Immunologic, congenital, hereditary, hormonal, emotional, metabolic, age, internal disease

35
Q

What is erythema?

A

Reddening of the skin

36
Q

What is a macule?

A

Circumscribed, flat discoloration of the skin UP TO 1 cm

37
Q

What are causes of macules?

A

Hemorrhage, hyperemia, or increase/decrease in pigmentation

38
Q

What are patches?

A

Similar to macules but are over 2 cm in size

39
Q

What is purpura?

A

macule caused by hemorrhage

40
Q

What is a papule?

A

Solid circumscribed elevation of the skin UP TO 1 cm in diameter

41
Q

What are plaques?

A

Similar to papules, but larger and flat-topped elevations formed by coalescing papules.

42
Q

If a papule or plaque is red, it is considered _____.

If a papule or plaque is yellow or brown, it is considered _____.

A

acute; chronic

43
Q

What is a nodule?

A

Circumscribed elevation, usually greater than 1 cm in diameter, solid, and rooted in the dermis or subcutis.

44
Q

What does this pig have?

A

erythema (hyperemia and hemorrhages in the skin)

45
Q

What does this dog have?

A

Macules (pigmented), alopecia - flat, hyperpigmented, chronic

46
Q

What is happening here?

A

Papules, with pustules (fluid-filled <1 cm)

47
Q

What is happening with this horse and what would be your differentials?

A

Nodules;

Hyperplasia, Abscess, Neoplasia, Granuloma

48
Q

What are wheals and what is another name for this?

A

AKA urticaria/hives;

Circumscribed, white to pink, mesa-like elevations produced by edema in the dermis. They may coalesce to form plaques and are transient.

49
Q

What is a cause for wheals and what is it typical of?

A

Caused by change in vascular permeability, typical of acute allergic response

50
Q

What is a vesicle and what is it AKA?

A

Small (<0.5-1 cm), circumscribed elevation of epidermis caused by a pocket filled with clear serum in or immediately beneath the epidermis; AKA hives

51
Q

What are blebs/bullae?

A

Similar to vesicles/blisters only larger.

52
Q

What are some causes of vesicles/blisters?

A

Viruses, chemicals, burns, autoimmune disease

53
Q

What is a pustule?

A

Superficial abscess; vesicle that contains neutrophils and serum.

54
Q

What is a pustule caused by?

A

Caused by the same things causing vesicles plus bacteria.

55
Q

What are scales and when are they seen?

A

Bran-like flakes of imperfectly cornified superficial epidermis; seen focally in chronic dermatitis.

56
Q

What is happening in this horse? Is this acute or chronic?

A

Wheals; acute

57
Q

What are crusts?

A

Scabs made of dried accumulations of serum, blood, pus, epithelial, and bacterial debris.

58
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Loss of epidermis to and into the dermis

59
Q

What is change in pigmentation related to?

A

Melanin in the epidermis

60
Q

What is happening here? What is a common disease that causes this? Is it acute or chronic?

A

Ulcers; Discoid lupus; chronic

61
Q

What is this and what is it also an example of?

A

Ulcer; example of proud flesh - exuberant granulation tissue

62
Q

What is this and what would be your differentials based on gross appearance?

A

Nodule;

Hyperplasia, Abscess, Neoplasia, Granuloma

63
Q

What is lichenification and where is it common?

A

Irregular skin thickening (acanthosis and hyperkeratosis) with crisscross cracks and hyperpigmentation. CHRONIC; common at axilla, inguinal region, belly

64
Q

What is a verruca?

A

Elevated, rough, warty lesion

65
Q

What is a scar?

A

Fibrous tissue replacing normal tissue injured by disease or injury. In skin these are often alopecic and depigmented.

66
Q

What is this an example of?

A

Lichenification; chronic

67
Q

What is this an example of? What is a possible cause?

A

Verruca; papillomavirus

68
Q

What is this an example of? Is it acute or chronic?

A

Lichenification; CHRONIC

69
Q

What are the 2 changes seen here, and are they acute or chronic?

A

Ulcer and scar; chronic

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