Cardio #3

Question 1

What are causes of myocardial necrosis?

Answer 1

Ischemia, toxins, nutritional, infectious/inflammatory

Question 2

What are consequences of myocardial necrosis?

Answer 2

Decreased functional mass and contractility, arrythmia, survival –> fibrosis

Question 3

Provide a morphological diagnosis.

Answer 3

Heart; myocardial necrosis, acute, locally extensive

Question 4

Provide a morphological diagnosis.

Answer 4

Heart: myocardial necrosis (left ventricle), multifocal, acute, severe

Question 5

What is vasculitis?

Answer 5

Inflammation of the blood vessel

Question 6

What is an intact endothelium resistant to?

Answer 6

thrombus

Question 7

What does endothelial damage and exposure of subendothelial collagen result in?

Answer 7

thrombosis and vasculitis

Question 8

Which one is normal? What is happening in the abnormal one?

Answer 8

Right is normal; Left = vasculitis (arteritis)

Question 9

What are some infectious causes of vasculitis?

Answer 9

Bacterial, parasitic, viral, fungal

(are common)

Question 10

What are some non-infectious causes of vasculitis?

Answer 10

Immune-mediated (type III hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, food, drugs)

Non-immune-mediated (uremia)

Question 11

What is happening here? (hint: it is a pig)

Answer 11

Swine erysipelas (“Diamond Skin Disease”)

Multifocal, acute cutaneous infarcts - get from bacterial sepsis that causes vasculitis

Question 12

What is circled in yellow?

Answer 12

A blood vessel

Question 13

What is circled in green?

Answer 13

thrombus

Question 14

What is a common parasite that causes vasculitis?

Answer 14

heartworms

Question 15

What is happening here and what system does it affect primarily? Provide a morphological diagnosis.

Answer 15

Heartworm disease (blue arrow = heartworm); primarily a disease of the pulmonary system

Pulmonary artery: vasculitis, proliferative, severe, chronic

Question 16

What is happening here and what disease is this characteristic of?

Answer 16

Proliferation of tunica intima secondary to interaction with worms in vasculature - heartworm disease

Question 17

What is happening here and what disease is it associated with? (Provide a morphological diagnosis)

Answer 17

Lung: pulmonary hemosiderosis, multifocal, chronic, severe - canine heartworm disease

Question 18

With heartworm disease, what is a possible color that the blood can turn and why?

Answer 18

Yellow due to accumulation of hemosiderin

Question 19

What is happening here? Provide a morphological diagnosis. (hint = this is a horse)

Answer 19

Cranial mesenteric artery: vasculitis, proliferative and fibrinopurulent, chronic, severe, diffuse with thrombosis

Caused by Strongylus vulgaris - rare

Question 20

What is circled in blue?

Answer 20

Thrombus in the cranial mesenteric artery

Question 21

What can be seen circled in black? (hint = this is a bovine)

Answer 21

Negative staining fungi - likely Mycotis rumenitis (fungal infection of the rumen)

Question 22

What is phlebitis?

Answer 22

Inflammation of a vein

Question 23

What is happening here?

Answer 23

Phlebitis along with thrombosis +/- necrosis

Question 24

What is arteriosclerosis?

Answer 24

General term for hardening of the arteries

Question 25

What is a common appearance related to arterioclerosis?

Answer 25

Mineralization

Question 26

What can arteriosclerosis be caused by?

Answer 26

Vitamin D toxicity --\> increased Ca⁺⁺ levels --\> mineralization

Question 27

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 27

A type of arteriosclerosis; accumulation of lipid, macrophages, smooth muscle hyperplasia, and other leukocytes

Question 28

What is the blue arrow pointing to, and what is a general term for this condition?

Answer 28

Mineral; arteriosclerosis

Question 29

What is this and what can it be caused by?

Answer 29

Arteriosclerosis; caused by Vitamin D toxicosis

Question 30

What is the most common cause of death in humans and why?

Answer 30

Atherosclerosis; it causes ischemia from vessel narrowing, infarction, and thromboembolism (stroke)

Question 31

What is this diagram illustrating?

Answer 31

Cellular composition of atherosclerotic plaques

Question 32

What are risk factors for humans and atherosclerosis?

Answer 32

Diet, age, family history, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, stress

Question 33

In dogs, where does atherosclerosis typically occur?

Answer 33

tunica media of vessel

Question 34

What are consequences of atherosclerosis in dogs?

Answer 34

Seldom have consequences to heart function, but occasionally see ischemia and infarction (Do not get large enough to cause bulges with thrombosis)

Question 35

In dogs, what is atherosclerosis often associated with?

Answer 35

**Hypothyroidism** (hypercholesterolemia) and **diabetes mellitus**

Question 36

What species (other than humans) has atherosclerosis more commonly than dogs? What is a possible consequence?

Answer 36

Birds (psittacines); risk factors silimar to humans; can have hypoxic injury to brain/thrombus leading to stroke and death

Question 37

What is seen here? What disease does this dog likely have that is related to this?

Answer 37

Atherosclerosis; likely has hypothyroidism or diabetes mellitus

Question 38

What is happening here? What type of neoplasm is it? Where is it common?

Answer 38

Hemangiosarcoma; endothelial origin; common in liver, spleen, right auricle

Question 39

What is happening here?

Answer 39

Hemangiosarcoma of the right auricle

Question 40

What does this dog have? What are risk factors for its development? What are consequences?

Answer 40

Atherosclerosis; risk = hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus; consequence = dog will probably live