Depression

Question 1

What is the typical history associated with depression in adults?

Answer 1

Persistent low mood, anhedonia. Changes in appetite and sleep. Fatigue, low energy. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt.

Question 2

What are the key physical examination findings in depression in adults?

Answer 2

Often normal physical exam. Possible psychomotor retardation or agitation. Flat affect. Poor eye contact.

Question 3

What investigations are necessary for diagnosing depression in adults?

Answer 3

Clinical diagnosis based on history and symptoms. Screening tools: PHQ-9, HADS. Rule out medical causes (e.g., thyroid dysfunction, anemia).

Question 4

What are the non-pharmacological management strategies for depression in adults?

Answer 4

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Interpersonal therapy (IPT). Lifestyle modifications: regular exercise, healthy diet.

Question 5

What are the pharmacological management options for depression in adults?

Answer 5

SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline). SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine). Atypical antidepressants (e.g., bupropion, mirtazapine).

Question 6

What are the red flags to look for in depression patients?

Answer 6

Suicidal ideation or self-harm. Severe functional impairment. Psychotic symptoms (e.g., hallucinations, delusions). Co-occurring substance abuse.

Question 7

When should a patient with depression be referred to a specialist?

Answer 7

Treatment-resistant depression. Severe or complex cases. Co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Need for specialized therapeutic interventions (e.g., ECT).

Question 8

What is one key piece of pathophysiology related to depression?

Answer 8

Dysregulation of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine). Altered brain function in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to development.