Depression

Question 1

subsets of MDD:

Answer 1

post partum and SAD

Question 2

MDD criteria:

Answer 2

persistent over 2 weeks

Question 3

core symptoms of MDD:

Answer 3

low mood
anhedonia

Question 4

depression age of onset:

Answer 4

19

Question 5

median age of depression age of onset:

Answer 5

31

Question 6

the second peak of depression onset:

Answer 6

50-59 year olds

Question 7

Higher rates of depression in those:

Answer 7

living with a disability, and unemployed

Question 8

out of all mental disorders, has the largest effect on:

Answer 8

disability-adjusted life years

Question 9

depression treatments

Answer 9

medication
CBT
life changes
creative therapies
electroconvulsive therapy
magnetic stimulation

Question 10

ant-depressants are used…

Answer 10

short or long term

Question 11

electroconvulsive therapy is used for what type of depression?

Answer 11

major depression

Question 12

acute phase

Answer 12

relapse occurs before remission

Question 13

continuation phase

Answer 13

relapse occurs after remision

Question 14

recovery definition

Answer 14

maintenance phase, 1 year after episode

Question 15

recurrence refers to symptoms arising during what phase?

Answer 15

maintenance

Question 16

% of heritability for MDD?

Answer 16

30-50%

Question 17

effect of genetic variants:

Answer 17

lower stress threshold for depression to develop

Question 18

TB drugs used in depression

Answer 18

Iproniazid and isonaizid

Question 19

Iproniazid and isonaizid mechanism of action:

Answer 19

monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors

Question 20

catecholamines

Answer 20

dopamine
noradrenaline
adrenaline

Question 21

what are catecholamines derived from?

Answer 21

tyrosine

Question 22

what are indolamines derived from?

Answer 22

tryptophan

Question 23

histidine is the precursor of what group of monoamines?

Answer 23

imidazoleamines

Question 24

he majority of antidepressants prescribed today target monoamines but many ….

Answer 24

do not respond, even if biochemical changes occur

Question 25

limitations of the monoamine hypothesis:

Answer 25

1. non-responders
2. therapeutic lag
   3.monoamine depletion experiments
3. no associated biomarkers

Question 26

why do synaptic monoamine levels not remain high?

Answer 26

long-term firing rate causes receptor desensitisation

Question 27

what is Reserpine?

Answer 27

prevents monoamine packing into vesicles

Question 28

Reserpine was found to induce what effects?

Answer 28

depressant AND anti-depressant

Question 29

issues with MAO-A activity in depressed patients?

Answer 29

can overlap with healthy participants

Question 30

HAM-D

Answer 30

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale

Question 31

which individuals show a larger response to anti-depressants?

Answer 31

those with lower monoamine breakdown rate

Question 32

What processes does cortisol affect?

Answer 32

cognition (memory) and mood

Question 33

cortisol is released via what axis?

Answer 33

HPA

Question 34

Name 2 disorders that are symptomatic of depression and linked to HPA axis:

Answer 34

insomnia/ hypersomnia

Question 35

when does cortisol peak in depressive episodes?

Answer 35

later in the day

Question 36

describe the effect of antidepressants on cortisol peak?

Answer 36

resembles that of healthy individuals

Question 37

explain the relationship between depression and neurogenesis and plasticity.

Answer 37

cortisol reduces neurogenesis
BDNF reduced in depressed patients
plasticity may explain the therapeutic lag in patients with depression

Question 38

Why may depressed patients exhibit a larger negative bias?

Answer 38

emotional processing changes due to altered brain circuits

Question 39

alternate explanations of depression

Answer 39

inflammation
glutamate
gut microbiome