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KIN 401 > Deontology > Flashcards

Deontology Flashcards

1
Q

Deontology aka…

A

non-consequentialist

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2
Q

Deontology: the science of _____.

A

duty

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3
Q

In deontology, right and wrong do not depend on the ______.

A

consequences

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4
Q

In deontology, the ____ is more important than the _____.

A
  • right

- good

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5
Q

In deontology, we see human beings as _____ ____ first and foremost instead of …

A
  • rational agents

- benevolent creatures that care about our own and others’ happiness

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6
Q

As rational human beings, we don’t have to follow our _____.

A

urges

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7
Q

A rational will can follow _____.

A

principles

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8
Q

We are not _____ rational and our _____ ______ __ _____ can contain impulses and inclinations.

A
  • perfectly

- subjective principles of volition

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9
Q

Why did Kant think we experience our moral duty as a constraint?

A
  • because acting from the correct principle involves going against our inclination
  • we want to, but we know we shouldn’t
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10
Q

Kant wanted to develop a _____ _____ that was devoid of all _____ and would therefore be applied to everyone.

A
  • perfect maxim

- inclinations

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11
Q

If you were a perfectly rational creature, we wouldn’t see doing the right thing as a ____.

A

duty

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12
Q

CI =

A

categorical imperative

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13
Q

CI 1 gives us…

A
  • duties

- the doer of an action has a duty

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14
Q

CI 2 gives us…

A
  • rights

- the person suffering the action has rights

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15
Q

CI 1 says act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time ____ that it should become a ______ ____.

A
  • will

- universal law

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16
Q

2 tests for CI 1:

A
  • can the maxim be conceived as a universal law?

- can the maxim be willed as a universal law?

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17
Q

We cannot act according to any maxi that …

A

fails either of the tests for CI 1

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18
Q

Describe the first test for CI 1.

A

If it is impossible to imagine a world where everyone does x all the time, then you shouldn’t do x either (perfect duty)

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19
Q

Describe the second test for CI 1:

A

If x is not something you would want to imagine everyone doing or if it is practically impossible, then you shouldn’t either (imperfect duty)

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20
Q

In deontology, your _____ don’t matter.

A

feelings

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21
Q

Consider cheating in sports with Kant’s moral norms.

A
  • impossible to imagine everyone cheating all the time
  • making new rules…who wins?
  • can’t universalize it = you cannot cheat
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22
Q

Consider “thou shalt not kill an innocent human” with Kant’s moral norms.

A
  • can imagine this
  • would you will/want a world like this? no
  • not practically possible (can’t control accidents)
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23
Q

Consider “thous shalt not intentionally kill an innocent human” with Kant’s moral norms.

A
  • takes out accidents
  • can imagine this
  • can will this
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24
Q

_____ matters when using Kant’s moral norms.

A

motive

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25
Q

_____ doesn’t matter for utilitarianism.

A

motive

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26
Q

Agent centred deontology produces 2 types of action:

A
  • prohibited (governed by prohibitions)

- tolerated/permitted (governed by prerogatives)

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27
Q

Constraints are _____ : you cannot have a _____ that violates a constraint (if it fails one or more of the rules).

A
  • primary

- prerogative

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28
Q

Prerogatives:

A
  • an exclusive right or power held by an individual
  • permits you to act in ways that do not maximize the good
  • to act from reasons stemming from your own personal perspective
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29
Q

Prerogatives can be more or less ____ valuable and are ______/______ but not required.

A
  • morally

- permissible/encouraged

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30
Q

Deontology considers _____ plus _____.

A
  • intentions

- actions

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31
Q

Various combinations of possibilities for euthanasia:

A
  • actively kill them with the intention of killing them
  • actively kill them without the intention to kill them
  • passively allow them to die with the intention of killing them
  • passively allow them to die without the intention of killing them
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32
Q

Active, intended death (thou shalt not actively and intentionally kill innocents) is…

A
  • forbidden
  • fails CI 1 because it;s impossible for rational people to want to be murdered
  • perfect external duty
33
Q

Passive, intended death (thou shalt not intentionally allow innocents to die) is…

A
  • tolerated
  • passes CI 1 (it’s not logically inconsistent)
  • need to have an imperfect external duty to help others
  • depends on your prerogatives
34
Q

Active, death only foreseen (thou shalt not actively unintentionally kill innocents) is….

A
  • tolerated
  • if you don’t believe in DoDE, it is forbidden
  • if you believe in DoDE, it passes CI 1
  • if it is unwillable, you have an imperfect external duty
35
Q

Passive, death only foreseen (thous shalt not unintentionally allow innocents to die) is…

A
  • tolerated
  • if you don’t believe in DoDE, it is the same as passive intended death
  • if you believe in DoDE, it passes CI 1
  • if it is unwillable, you have an imperfect external duty
36
Q

Which of the tolerated actions is right according to deontology?

A
  • partly depends on the DoDE
  • medication has 2 effects (pain relief, hastening death)
  • if the Dr. wants pain relief and there is no other alternative, then death is unavoidable and unwanted
  • could be ethical
37
Q

_______ can be considered once adherence to the CI derived moral norm is achieved.

A

consequences

38
Q

Agent-centred deontology critiques:

A
  • selfish
  • DoDE
  • ultra strict
39
Q

How is agent-centred deontology selfish?

A
  • morality is personal

- can treat my friends and my family differently than I treat others as long as it is universalizable

40
Q

Why is DoDE a critique for agent-centred deontology?

A

If I know what I do will cause death, but I didn’t intend it, why am i not just as guilty?

41
Q

Strengths of deontology:

A
  • categorical prohibition against certain actions even when good consequences result. Some things are just plain wrong
  • we have permission to pursue our own projects free of a constant demand that these projects always maximize utility
42
Q

DoDE:

A
  • knowing that something negative will happen
  • unavoidable consequences
  • can ignore it ethically speaking
43
Q

Examples of Kant’s duties:

A
  • Perfect external duty never to break your promise
  • Perfect external duty never to actively kill innocent people
  • Perfect internal duty never to commit suicide.
  • Imperfect internal duty to cultivate your talents.
  • Imperfect external duty to help others in distress.
44
Q

Perfect duites are _____ and result from failing CI’s ____ test.

A
  • negative (they prohibit or constrain)

- first

45
Q

Imperfect duties are _____ and result from failing CI’s ____ test.

A
  • positive (they commit you to doing something but not necessarily all the time or in a specific way)
  • second
46
Q

7 imperfect duties:

A
  • fidelity
  • reparation
  • gratitude
  • justice
  • beneficence
  • self-improvement
  • non-maleficence
47
Q

Fidelity:

A

duty to fulfill promises, agreements, contracts

48
Q

Reparation:

A

duty to make up for past wrongs

49
Q

Gratitude:

A

duty to repay others for past benefits conferred

50
Q

Justice:

A
  • duties of redistribution in accord with merit

- prevent an unjust distribution of benefits or burdens

51
Q

Beneficence:

A

duty to assist those in need

52
Q

Self-improvement:

A

duty to develop out talents

53
Q

Non-maleficence:

A

duty not to harm others

54
Q

Another critique of agent-centred deontology:

A
  • scholars have argued that the CI1 is not the final formulation for Kant
  • the CI2 is what should guide us
  • problems in operationalizing CI1 illustrate this.
55
Q

CI II:

A

So act that you use humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never merely as a means

56
Q

CI II says people are not just things that you can…

A

use however you wish

57
Q

CI II says people have _____ ____.

A

fundamental rights

58
Q

Different forms of deontology = _____ vs ____.

A

duties vs rights

59
Q

Patient centred deontology says that you cannot use someone’s body, labour, or talent without ….

A

permission for your own benefit

60
Q

Focus of Patient centred deontology is on …

A

fundamental rights of people

61
Q

Patient centred deontology switches focus to the _____.

A

patient/victim

62
Q

Consider the organ donor scenario with RU:

A
  • people might be scared to go to hospitals

- not the right thing to do

63
Q

Consider the organ donor scenario with agent centred deontology:

A
  • can we conceive of a world that can do this?

- imperfect/perfect constraint?

64
Q

Consider the organ donor scenario with patient-centred deontology:

A
  • did that patient consent?
  • if they didn’t you’re using their body for your own means
  • you can’t do this
65
Q

In PCD, perfect duties are not to _____ or _____ someone;s humanity.

A
  • destroy

- impair

66
Q

In PCD, imperfect duties are to _____ or _____ others’ humanity.

A
  • cultivate

- develop

67
Q

PCD ____ entail obligations, similarly to ACD, which is why some people say CI1 and CI2 are…

A
  • does

- the same thing

68
Q

Humanity is our ability to be _____ and ____ and ____ arise from this.

A
  • rational
  • duties
  • rights
69
Q

Critiques of ACD and PCD:

A

killing for no reason at all is not prohibited (Nike problem)

70
Q

Critiques of PCD:

A

not helping someone is not required (walk on problem)

71
Q

How do we ascribe value to various consequences in AU?

A

focus on actual aggregate wellbeing of people

72
Q

How do we ascribe value to various consequences in RU?

A

focus on developing rules to guide society toward overall increase in well-being

73
Q

How do we ascribe value to various consequences in PU?

A

figure out what people would prefer to do if given a range of options and maximize those intrinsic self-regarding desires

74
Q

In ACD, any action that cannot be conceived as universal renders ____ duties.

A

perfect

75
Q

In ACD, any action that can be conceived but that we can’t will renders ____ duties and our ____ guide us in how we choose to fulfill these.

A
  • imperfect

- prerogatives

76
Q

In ACD, any action that can be imagined and that we will could be morally valuable or not. We need …

A

another framework

77
Q

PCD says human beings have _____ rights.

A

inviolable

78
Q

PCD is based on CI 2, never….

A

never treat people like means to an end

79
Q

PCD gives rise to perfect and imperfect duties toward the _____.

A

patients

KIN 401 (16 decks)

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