Demographic Transitions and Fertility

Question 1

Demographic transition

Answer 1

generic model of sequential changes in mortality and fertility rates over time

Question 2

1st stage of demographic transition

Answer 2

B=D (high amounts of both)

Question 3

2nd stage of demographic transition

Answer 3

B>D (death rates fall due to technology, new knowledge, etc)

Question 4

3rd stage of demographic transition

Answer 4

B~D (both births and deaths lower - harder to change views on family size so birth rates fall slower)

Question 5

4th stage of demographic transition

Answer 5

B<D (very low birth rates)

Question 6

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Answer 6

number of children that would be born to a woman if she lives to the end of her childbearing years and is subject to today’s age specific fertility rate

Question 7

Contraceptive technologies

Answer 7

techniques, technologies, and methods to prevent pregnancies

Question 8

Family planning programs (FPPs)

Answer 8

efforts by governments, NGOs, and others to provide education about family size, reproduction, and access to contraceptive methods

Question 9

Population policies

Answer 9

domestic and international policies aimed at addressing population level “levers” that influence population level fertiltiy

Question 10

Pro-natalist

Answer 10

In support of more kids, raising fertility levels

Question 11

Anti-natalist

Answer 11

Fewer kids, lowering fertility levels

Question 12

Demographic transition critiques

Answer 12

may not apply to all countries outside of Europe, stages may not be accurate

Question 13

Replacement level fertility

Answer 13

the number of children that need to be born to replace the population (2.1)

Question 14

Prerequisites of fertility decline

Answer 14

Ready, Willing, and Able

Question 15

Ready (prerequisite of fertility decline)

Answer 15

fertility must be within the calculus of conscious choice (people must believe fertility is something they can control and have a choice in)

Question 16

Willing (prerequisite of fertility decline)

Answer 16

reduced fertility must be advantageous (recognition children will survive, children are more expensive)

Question 17

Able (prerequisite of fertility decline)

Answer 17

Effective techniques must be available

Question 18

Demand theories

Answer 18

as the “cost” of children increases, demand for contraception will increase

Question 19

Diffusion theories

Answer 19

ideas about the value fo children and the acceptability of smaller families spread through social networks, education, and the media

Question 20

natural fertility

Answer 20

TFR in the absence of contraceptive use

Question 21

Coercive family planning

Answer 21

policy, practices, or limitations applied to a population by a government so that people do not have full agency or control over their fertility choices

Question 22

Rights based family planning

Answer 22

programs that put importance on human rights and people’s ability to make informed choice about how and when they want to have children

Question 23

Bucharest conference 1974

Answer 23

Low income countries wanted more contraception, high income countries wanted them to modernize

Question 24

Mexico City conference 1984

Answer 24

Low income countries wanted to modernize, high income countries wanted to give them more contraceptives

Question 25

Cairo conference 1994

Answer 25

tone shift away from family planning and towards human development and choice

Question 26

Unmet contraceptive need

Answer 26

the gap between the number of women who want contraception vs those using contraception

Question 27

Demand for contraception

Answer 27

women in childbearing ages, who are regularly sexually active, who want contraception

Question 28

Age Specific Fertility Rates

Answer 28

number of births per year to a woman of a specific age range, divided by the total number of women int hat specific age range

Question 29

General fertility rate

Answer 29

number of births in a population divided by population of women in reproductive age (15-44)

Question 30

Low fertility

Answer 30

below replacement fertility

Question 31

Lowest low fertilty

Answer 31

TFR < 1.3-1.5

Question 32

Postponement transition

Answer 32

stage in society's fertility patterns where couples are having fewer births overall and having them later

Question 33

Why does fertility decline so low

Answer 33

changing values, uncertainty, gender equity, and opportunity cost for women

Question 34

Forgone fertility

Answer 34

fertility that is given up due to postponing the time of having children

Question 35

Reasons for non-use of contraceptives

Answer 35

concerns about side effects, do not see themselves at risk for having a child, opposition to contraceptive use, have sex infrequently

Question 36

What leads to postponement transition?

Answer 36

Decline in number of kids (quantum) and shift in timing of kids (tempo)