Dell Model of Production Flashcards
What levels are involved in the Dell model?
Semantic
Lexical
Phonological
What does the Dell model describe?
Production
Two stage interactive model of word retrieval
How is production separated at the phonological level in the Dell model?
Onset
Vowel
Coda
What is the rationale of the activation method of Dell model?
Interactive activation: feed forward and feedback
This is because people produce mixed errors which are semantically and phonologically related to the target. This happens more often than to be due to chance
This implies that word selection is influenced by both semantic and phonological information
This can be explained by the idea that activation at the Lemma level is influence from both directions (semantic from above and phonological from below)
What connections are there in the Dell model?
Connections between:
Semantic and lexical
Lexical and phonological
No connections within levels
What can influence the weighting of connections in the Dell model?
Learning
Recent experience
What are the other components if activation in the Dell model?
Signalling activation: extra boost of activation if cant make decisive choice
Noise: if we happen to see something we might say that word
Decay: once selection has been made that connection decays so we do not continue to say that word each time
What does cascading activation mean within the Dell model?
That processing in lower levels can begin before processing higher up has finished
How does the activation work in the Dell model?
Activated nodes send a proportion of their activation to connected nodes down weighted connections
Activation level of a node = sum of all activations received
What are the production error types within the Dell model?
Mixed: real word related to target in both sound and meaning
Unrelated: real word unrelated to target word
Neologism: non word unrelated to target word
Semantic: real word related to target word in meaning
Phonological:
Formal: real word related to target in sound
Phonemic: non word related to target in sound
Circumlocution: semantic description of the target
Omission: no attempt made at target
What is the profile of a semantic impairment in production?
Inability to access some or all semantic features
Errors:
Naming
Comprehension
Can benefit from phonemic cueing as can provide information to differentiate between competitors
Camel and cactus: impaired
Picture naming: moderate impairment
What is the profile of a lexical impairment in production?
Difficulty accessing/ selecting lexical representations
Errors:
Mixed
Unrelated
Formal
Semantic errors likely as greatest competitors at lexical level are semantically related
Semantic level is in tact but activation is unable to travel down to lexical level
Camel and cactus: within normal limits
Picture naming: moderate impairment
What is the profile of a phonological level of impairment?
Difficulty with activation and/ or organisation of phonemes
Errors:
Partial misselection: phonemic and formal
Severe misselection: neologisms
Camel and cactus: within normal limits
Picture naming: moderate impairment
