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science > definitions - set 2 > Flashcards

definitions - set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide carbohydrate which forms fibres and is found in the cell walls of plant cells

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal chord

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3
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of large molecules of food into smaller ones, done by enzymes

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4
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green, light-absorbing pigment found inside chloroplasts in plant cells

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5
Q

chloroplasts

A

an organlelle found in some plant cells, which contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis takes place

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6
Q

chromosome

A

a thread-like structure of DNA, made up of a string of genes

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7
Q

cholera

A

a disease caused by a waterborne nacterium. which causes severe diarrhoea

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8
Q

chyme

A

the partly-digested food, that moves from the stomach into the small intestine

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9
Q

cilia

A

tiny extentions on the surface of a cell, which can wave in unison and cause fluids to move

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10
Q

ciliary muscle

A

a ring of muscle around the lens, which can change its shape

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11
Q

cirrhosis

A

a disease of the liver in which the cells are permanently damaged

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12
Q

clone

A

a group of genetically identical organisms

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13
Q

codominance

A

a situation in which both alleles in a heterozygote have an effect on the phenotype

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14
Q

common ancestor

A

a species that lived long ago that is thought to be a distant ancestor of two or more species living today

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15
Q

community

A

all the organisms, of all the different species, living in an area at the same time

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16
Q

cone cell

A

a light-sensitive cell in the retina, which responds to light of a particular color

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17
Q

consumer

A

an organism that getsits energy from feeding on other organisms

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18
Q

continuous variation

A

differences in the features of a group of organisms in which there are no definite categories; each individual’s features can lie anywhere between two extremes

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19
Q

coronary heart disease

A

a condition in which the coronary arteries become partly blocked

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20
Q

corpus luteum

A

the structure that forms in an ovary after an egg has been released; it secretes progesterone

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21
Q

cortex

A

in a kidney, the outer layer; in a plant stem or root, aa tissue made of typical plant cells (usually, however, without chloroplasts)

22
Q

cotyledons

A

food storage structures in a seed, which sometimes come above ground during germination and begin to photosynthesise

23
Q

cross-pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another plant of the same species

24
Q

cuticle

A

a layer of wax on a leaf

25
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like material that is found in cells

26
Q

deamination

A

a metabolic reaction that takes place in the liver, in which the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids is removed to form urea, followed by the release of energy from the remainder of the amino acid

27
Q

death phase

A

a stage where the number in a population falls rapidly towards zero

28
Q

decomposer

A

an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter

29
Q

deforestation

A

the destruction of large areas of forest

30
Q

denatured

A

an enzyme is said to be denatured when its molecule has changed shape so much that the substrate can no longer fit into it

31
Q

denitrifying bacteria

A

bacteria that obtain their energy by converting nitrate ions into nitrogen gas

32
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

blood containing only a little oxygen

33
Q

depressant

A

a drug that inhibits the nervous system and slows it down

34
Q

dialysis

A

exchange of substances between two solutions through a partially permeable membrane; dialysis machines are used in the treatment of people with kidney failure

35
Q

diastole

A

the stage of a heart beat in which the muscles in the heart relax

36
Q

dichotomous

A

branching into two

37
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement

38
Q

digestion

A

the break-down of large, insoluble food molecules into small molecules using mechanical and chemical processes

39
Q

diploid

A

having two sets of chromosmoes

40
Q

disaccharide

A

a complex sugar; a carbohydrate whose molecules are made of two sugar units

41
Q

discontinuous variation

A

differences in the features of a group of organisms where each fits into one of a few clearly defined categories

42
Q

DNA

A

the chemical from which genes and chromosomes are made

43
Q

dominant

A

an allele that is expressed if it is present (e.g. T or G)

44
Q

dormant

A

a condition in which an organism shuts its metabolism down, so that it can survive in adverse conditions

45
Q

double circulatory system

A

a system in which blood passes twice through the heart on one complete circuit of the body

46
Q

drug

A

any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body

47
Q

ecosystem

A

a unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, in a given area
e.g. decomposing log or a lake

48
Q

ectothermic

A

unable to regulate body temperature physiologically; the organism’s temperature varies with that of its environment

49
Q

effector

A

a part of the body that responds to a stimulus, e.g. a muscle or a gland

50
Q

egestion

A

the passing out of food that has not been digested, as feaces, through the anus

science (12 decks)

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