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Exceptional Children PSYC3505 > Definitions: Midterm > Flashcards

Definitions: Midterm Flashcards

To understand the key terms and concepts

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1
Q

Acceleration

A

an approach where students are placed in grade levels above their age/peers

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2
Q

Accommodations

A

changes in delivery of instruction, or type of assessment, that does NOT significantly change the curriculum

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3
Q

Acute

A

a serious state of illness/injury from which someone often recovers with treatment

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4
Q

Adaptations

A

changes in curriculum content, conceptual difficulty, or instructional objectives and methods

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5
Q

Adaptive behaviour

A

the social and practical intelligence used in people’s everyday lives
- often considered in making a determination of Intellectual Disability

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6
Q

Adaptive behaviour skills

A

skills needed to adapt to one’s living environment (e.g. self-care, home living, social skills, self-direction, health and safety, working, etc)

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7
Q

Affective disorder

A

a disorder of mood or emotional tone

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8
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a medical procedure that allows testing of the amniotic fluid around the fetus. Can sometimes be used for determination of abnormalities.

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9
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

a disorder characterized by anxiety, fearfulness and avoidance of ordinary activities because of anxiety or fear

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10
Q

Applied behaviour analysis (ABA)

A

highly structured approach that focuses on teaching function skills and continuous assessment of progress. This approach is grounded in behavioural learning theory.

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11
Q

Asperger’s syndrome

A

One of the five ASDs. A milder form of autism without significant impairments in language and cognition; characterized by primary problems in social interaction.

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12
Q

ADHD

A

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; characterized by severe problems of inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity, often found in people with learning disabilities.

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13
Q

Autism savant syndrome

A

a condition in which the individual displays characteristics of ASD but also has remarkable skills or talents

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14
Q

ASD

A

a disability wherein symptoms fall on a continuum from relatively mild to severe; DSM-5 divides symptoms into 2 domains:

  1. social communication impairment
  2. repetitive/restricted behaviours
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15
Q

Behaviour management

A

strategies used to increase desirable behaviours and decrease undesirable ones. Can be applied in the classroom, home or other environment

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16
Q

Behaviour modification

A

systematic control of environmental events to produce specific changes on behavioural responses (e.g. consequences, reinforcement, guided practice, etc)

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17
Q

Behavioural inhibition

A

the ability to recognize and regulate inappropriate behaviours before or during their occurrence

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18
Q

Behavioural parent training (BPT)

A

parent intervention that concentrate on training parents to use behavioural principles to modify their child’s behaviour

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19
Q

Central coherence

A

the inclination to bring meaning to stimuli by conceptualizing it as a whole

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20
Q

Chronic

A

a long-lasting, non-temporary condition

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21
Q

Chromosomal disorder

A

any syndrome resulting from abnormal or damaged chromosomes

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22
Q

Chronological age

A

how old a person is, used in the calculation of IQ

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23
Q

Classwide peer tutoring

A

an instructional procedure in which all students are involved in tutoring/being tutored by classmates on skills

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24
Q

Cognition

A

the ability to solve problems and use strategies; an area of difficulty for many persons with learning disabilities

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25
Q

Cognitive training

A

a group of training procedures designed to change thoughts or thought patterns

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26
Q

Collaborative consultation

A

an approach where a general educator and a special educator collaborate to come up with teaching strategies for a student with exceptionalities

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27
Q

Communication disorders

A

impairments in the ability to use speech or language to communicate

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28
Q

Autistic regression

A

where a child develops normally but then loses some abilities; usually occurs between 1-3 years of age

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29
Q

Communicative function

A

acts of communication (e.g. requesting, rejecting, commenting, arguing and reasoning)

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30
Q

Communicative intent

A

the need to communicate for social reasons

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31
Q

Comorbidity

A

Co-occurrence between 2 or more conditions in the same individual

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32
Q

Comprehension monitoring

A

the ability to keep track of one’s own comprehension of reading material and to make adjustments to comprehend better while reading

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33
Q

Conduct disorder

A

overt, aggressive, disruptive behaviour and/or covert antisocial acts (e.g. stealing, lying, fire setting)

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34
Q

Congenital

A

a characteristic or condition that is present at birth (may or may not be due to genetic factors)

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35
Q

Content enhancement

A

the modification of curriculum materials to make them more salient/prominent (e.g. graphic organizers, mnemonics)

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36
Q

Contingency-based self-management

A

rewards based on use of self-management techniques

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37
Q

Continuous performance test

A

A test measuring a person’s ability to sustain attention to rapidly presented stimuli; can help in diagnosing ADHD

38
Q

Cooperative learning

A

an approach where the teacher places students with similar needs together to work on assignments

39
Q

Cooperative teaching

A

an approach where the general educator and special educator teach together in the general classroom

40
Q

Coping skills intervention

A

parent interventions that teach parents to use strategies to cope with their responses to their child’s difficult behaviours

41
Q

Decoding

A

the ability to convert print into spoken language. Is dependent on:

  • phonemic awareness
  • understanding of alphabetic principles
42
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

a social movement (1960’s) where large numbers of people with exceptionalities are removed from large mental institutions and into smaller, community homes or back with their families. Focus on integrating people into society

43
Q

Direct instruction

A

a method of teaching (especially reading and math); emphasized drills and practice with immediate feedback. Lessons are precisely sequenced, face-paced and well-practiced by the teacher.

44
Q

Disability

A

an inability to do something as a result of a specific impairment

45
Q

Down syndrome

A

a condition resulting from an abnormality in the 21st chromosome pair; characterized by intellectual disability and physical characteristics

46
Q

Dynamic assessments

A

an interactive assessment process that involves ongoing analysis of student leaning in response to an intervention

47
Q

Dyscalculia

A

specific learning disabilities in mathematics in which an individual might struggle with number sense, computation and/or problem solving

48
Q

Dyslexia

A

reading disabilities (usually used by medical field, not educators)

49
Q

Echolalia

A

the parroting/repetition of words or phrases after they are heard (often observed in people with ASD)

50
Q

Enrichment

A

an approach in which additional learning experiences are provided to students with special gifts/talents while keeping them in their regular grade

51
Q

Exceptionality group

A

a group of people who share a collection of specific abilities or disabilities

52
Q

Executive functioning

A

the ability to regulate behaviours through working memory, inner speech, emotion regulation, and problem solving

53
Q

Expressive language

A

encoding or sending messages in communication

54
Q

Externalizing behaviours

A

acting out, aggressive or disruptive behaviours that are observable as behaviours directed towards others

55
Q

Family systems theory (FST)

A

stresses that behaviour is best understood in the context of the family. The family’s behaviour is best understood in the context of other social systems

56
Q

FST: family life-cycle

A

consists of birth, early childhood, childhood, adolescence and adulthood

57
Q

FTS: family interaction

A

refers to how cohesive and adaptable the family is

58
Q

FTS: family functions

A

included such things as economic, daily care, educational, medical, and social needs of the family

59
Q

FTS: Family characteristics

A

includes type/severity of the disability, family size, cultural background, SES

60
Q

Family-centred model

A

encourages family to make its own decisions with respect to services while mobilizing resources and supports for the family’s goals

61
Q

Functional academics

A

teaching academics in the context of daily living skills with the goal of having the student learn skills needed to function independently (e.g. reading food labels, filling out applications)

62
Q

Handicap

A

a disadvantage imposed on an individual

63
Q

Hidden cirriculum

A

the do’s and don’ts of social interaction that most people learn without much instruction. Not grasped by those with Asperger’s syndrome)

64
Q

Inclusion (Mainstreaming)

A

the idea of placing students with disabilities in general education classes and activities

65
Q

IEP

A

Individualized education program;; a plan for students with exceptionalities to ensure instructional objectives are being met

66
Q

Intellectual disabilities

A

a disability in intelligence and adaptive behaviours

67
Q

Internalizing behaviours

A

acting-in behaviours; anxiety, fearfulness, withdrawal and other indications of an individuals mood or internal state

68
Q

IQ-Achievement discrepancy

A

academic performance lower than would be expected on the basis of a student’s IQ

69
Q

Joint attention

A

the process by which one person alerts another to a stimulus via non-verbal means (e.g. gazing, pointing)

70
Q

Learned helplessness

A

a condition in which a person believes that no matter how hard they try, they will be unsuccessful

71
Q

Least restrictive environment

A

a legal term referring to the fact that exceptional children must be educated in as normal of an environment as possible while still having their needs met

72
Q

Locus of control

A

how people explain their successes or failures

73
Q

Internal locus of control

A

people believe that they are the reason for their successes/failures

74
Q

External locus of control

A

people believe that others/outside forces influence how they perform

75
Q

Mental age

A

age level at which a person performs on an IQ test; used to determine IQ

76
Q

Metacognition

A

one’s understanding of the strategies they can use for learning a task and the regulatory mechanisms needed to complete the task

77
Q

Modifications

A

changes made in instruction or assessment to make it possible for a student with a disability to respond more normally

78
Q

Pervasive Developmental Disorder not Otherwise Specified

A

PDD-NOS

one of five ASDs; pervasive delay in development that does not fit into the other developmental categories

79
Q

Phonemic awareness

A

one’s ability to understand that words are made ip of sounds or phonemes

80
Q

Phonological awareness

A

the ability to understand that speech flow can be broken into smaller units of sound

81
Q

Practical intelligence

A

ability to solve everyday problems

82
Q

Progressive

A

a disease/condition that worsens over time and from which one seldom recovers

83
Q

Receptive Language

A

decoding or understanding messages in communication

84
Q

Response-to-Intervention (RTI)

A

an approach in which it is determined if a student has a learning disability. Through increasingly intensive levels of instructional intervention are given, if the student does not achieve, they are referred for special education evaluation

85
Q

Scaffolded instruction

A

Teachers provide assistance to students when they are first learning tasks and then gradually reduce the assistance so the student is eventual able to complete the task independently

86
Q

Screening instruments

A

quick measures administered to determine who may need further assessment

87
Q

Self-determination

A

having control over one’s life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one’s quality of life

88
Q

Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

A

a language disorder with no identifiable cause and that is not attributed to any other disorder (e.g. hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, brain injury)

89
Q

Theory of mind

A

the ability to take another’s perspective in a social situation, the ability to infer another person’s feelings, intention, desires, etc.

90
Q

Working memory

A

the ability to remember information while also performing other cognitive operations

Exceptional Children PSYC3505 (13 decks)

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