ADHD Flashcards
- ***Each of the following is a diagnostic characteristic of ADHD: Predominantly Inattentive, EXCEPT:
a. often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
b. often talks excessively.
c. often has difficulty organizing for tasks or activities.
d. is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
often talks excessively
**Which neurotransmitter is involved in sending messages between neurons and the brain that is found in abnormal levels in people with ADHD?
dopamine
What did Still introduce into the knowledge of ADHD (1902)
Still introduced the idea that ADHD included a “problem with inhibition” component
Who established the first educational program for learners with ADHD and when?
Cruickshank, 1957
What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD?
1) Prominently Inattentive Type
2) Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
3) Combined type
Define the chronic aspect of ADHD.
Symptoms of ADHD must have been present for at least 6 months.
Describe the pervasive aspect of ADHD.
Symptoms must be cross-situational; must have several symptoms in each setting. Symptoms are beyond what is normal for the developmental age.
List some of the symptoms of the Prominently Inattentive Type of ADHD.
- trouble holding attention on tasks/play
- seems not to listen when spoken to
- does not follow through on instructions
What does a child need to display for a diagnosis of ADHD Prominently Inattentive Type?
6 of 9 symptoms listed in the DSM must be present in 2+ settings that persists for 6 months or more.
Approximately what percentage of US school children have ADHD?
7-9%
List some of the symptoms of the Prominently Hyperactive-Impulsive Type of ADHD.
Hyperactivity, fidgeting, leaving their seat, talking excessively
What is often included in the identification of ADHD?
- medical examination
- clinical interview
- teacher and parent rating scales
- behavioural observations
Describe the Doctor’s Office Effect
Subjectivity Factor; some children don’t demonstrate problematic behaviours in the novel/structured setting of the doctor’s office
What does neuro-imaging of brains with ADHD show?
There are consistent abnormalities in 3 brain areas:
1) prefrontal & frontal lobes
2) basal ganglia
3) Cerebellum
What do brains with ADHD demonstrate in terms of levels of neurotransmitters?
Abnormal levels of dopamine and noradrenaline.
_____ is used to control and regulate behaviour and often has deficits in those with ADHD.
Executive functioning
Problems controlling emotions and arousal levels are usually due to deficits in _______.
Behavioural inhibition
Difficulties in ________ can be interpreted as rude behaviours in social situations.
Executive functioning
What are some of the co-existing conditions that come with ADHD?
- learning disabilities
- emotional and behavioural disorders
- substance abuse
Kids with ADHD may also have _____ with others.
Social difficulties
What is a functional behaviour assessment?
determine the consequences, triggers and settings that maintain inappropriate behaviours
What is contingency-based self-management?
Where individuals keep track of their own behaviours and then receive consequences or rewards based on their behaviour.
ADHD is often _____________ as a separate education category
not recognized
Of the children with ADHD in general education classes, approximately _____ receive SpecEd services
less than half
What type of medication is frequently prescribed for symptoms of ADHD?
Psychstimulants (e.g. Ritalin, Adderall, Vyvanse)
How are academic skills assessed in kids with ADHD?
Assessed based on the curriculum measurements
Why is getting a diagnosis of ADHD difficult for young children?
Younger children already display high levels of motor activity and have poor impulse control.
What should interventions fro preschoolers with ADHD emphasize?
Contingencies (i.e. praise, points and tangible rewards)
Describe struggles that kids with ADHD deal with in college.
More problems with time management
How does the diagnosis of ADHD change between childhood and adulthood.
Need 5 of 9 symptoms rather than 6. Everything else stays the same
