Communication Disorders Flashcards
Define communication
process of sharing information, performing communicative functions (e.g., seeking social interaction and sharing ideas), can also be non-verbal
Communication disorder
impairs the ability to transmit/receive facts, feelings and desires
- may involve language, speech or both
- may include hearing, listening, reading or writing
Expressive language
encoding or sending messages
Receptive language
decoding or understanding messages
Language disorders
problems in comprehension and expression of language
Speech disorders
impairments in the production and use of oral language
- includes disabilities disabilities in making speech sounds, producing speech with a normal flow and producing voice
Phonology
refers to the rules governing speech sounds, the particular sounds and how they are sequenced
Morphology
refers to the rules that govern alterations of the internal organization of words (such as adding suffixes and other grammatical inflections to make proper plurals)
Syntax
refers to the rules of organizing sentences in a meaningful way
Semantics
refers to the rules about attaching meanings to concepts to words
Pragmatics
refers to rules about using language for social purposes
** What is the prevalence rate of speech disorders?
5-10% of pre-school and school-age children
What is the prevalence rate of language disorders?
- 2-3% of preschoolers
- 1% of school-age children
Dialects
systematic language variations that are rule governed
What is the etiology of primary language disorders?
No known causes for theses disorders (specific language impairment, early expressive language delay, language-based reading impairment)
What is the eitology of secondary language disorders?
caused my another condition (e.g., E/BDs, intellectual disabilities, ASD, or cerebral palsy)
Specific language impairment (SLI)
has no identifiable cause; unexpected and unexplained variation in the acquisition of language
Early expressive language delay (EELD)
refers to a significant lag in expressive language that children to not outgrow
Give examples of speech sound disorders (SSDs)
- phonological disorders
- articulation disorders
- voice disorders
- fluency disorders
- phonological awareness
Describe phonological disorders
rules for producing and differentiating sounds are not understood, cannot produce intelligible words
Describe phonological awareness.
An understanding of the sound structure of language (i.e., blending sounds into words)
- so not understand the contrasts between sounds
Describe articulation disorders.
errors in producing sounds in which the individual omits, substitutes, distorts or adds speech sounds
Why are articulation disorders considered a disorder?
- the number and types of errors
- the consistency of these errors
- the age and developmental characteristics of the speaker
- the intelligibility of the person’s speech
What causes articulation disorders?
- brain damage to nerves controlling muscles involved in speech
- intellectual disabilities
- neurological disorders
- abnormalities of the oral structures
- hearing loss
What is a voice disorder?
characteristic of pitch, loudness, and/or quality that are abusive of the larynx; hamper communication; or are perceived as markedly different
What are some causes of voice disorders?
- functional disorders
- organic disorders
- neurological disorders
Vocal quality
disorders may be due to physical abnormalities of the oral cavity or damage to the brain/nerves controlling the oral cavity
Fluency disorders
interruptions in speech flow
Disfluencies
hesitations, repetitions and other interruptions of normal speech flow
- interruptions are so pervasive that they prevent understanding or draw attention
What is the most frequent fluency disorder?
Stuttering
How common is stuttering
Not, ~ 1% of children and adults are stutterers
What does stuttering lead to?
a negative feeling about communication ability
What are the 3 core behaviours of stuttering?
1) part-word repetitions
2) sound prolonging
3) sound blocks
What are the treatment strategies for stutterers?
- learn to deliberately prolong sounds
- speak slowly
- use devices to mask ability to hear oneself speak
- speak in groups where pressure is minimized
Define motor speech disorders.
the result of damage to areas of the brain that control muscles or to the nerves leading to the muscles that make speech possible
Define dysarthria
involves controlling speech sounds; slow, laboured, slurred and imprecise speech
Apraxia
planning and coordinating speech; speech is slow, effortful, and inconsistent
What are the 2 types of apraxia
1) Developmental
2) acquired apraxia
***When Claudia, a seven-year-old, says “I goed” she is demonstrating a problem with which aspect of language?
Morphology
