Communication Disorders

Question 1

Define communication

Answer 1

process of sharing information, performing communicative functions (e.g., seeking social interaction and sharing ideas), can also be non-verbal

Question 2

Communication disorder

Answer 2

impairs the ability to transmit/receive facts, feelings and desires

• may involve language, speech or both
• may include hearing, listening, reading or writing

Question 3

Expressive language

Answer 3

encoding or sending messages

Question 4

Receptive language

Answer 4

decoding or understanding messages

Question 5

Language disorders

Answer 5

problems in comprehension and expression of language

Question 6

Speech disorders

Answer 6

impairments in the production and use of oral language

- includes disabilities disabilities in making speech sounds, producing speech with a normal flow and producing voice

Question 7

Phonology

Answer 7

refers to the rules governing speech sounds, the particular sounds and how they are sequenced

Question 8

Morphology

Answer 8

refers to the rules that govern alterations of the internal organization of words (such as adding suffixes and other grammatical inflections to make proper plurals)

Question 9

Syntax

Answer 9

refers to the rules of organizing sentences in a meaningful way

Question 10

Semantics

Answer 10

refers to the rules about attaching meanings to concepts to words

Question 11

Pragmatics

Answer 11

refers to rules about using language for social purposes

Question 12

** What is the prevalence rate of speech disorders?

Answer 12

5-10% of pre-school and school-age children

Question 13

What is the prevalence rate of language disorders?

Answer 13

• 2-3% of preschoolers

- 1% of school-age children

Question 14

Dialects

Answer 14

systematic language variations that are rule governed

Question 15

What is the etiology of primary language disorders?

Answer 15

No known causes for theses disorders (specific language impairment, early expressive language delay, language-based reading impairment)

Question 16

What is the eitology of secondary language disorders?

Answer 16

caused my another condition (e.g., E/BDs, intellectual disabilities, ASD, or cerebral palsy)

Question 17

Specific language impairment (SLI)

Answer 17

has no identifiable cause; unexpected and unexplained variation in the acquisition of language

Question 18

Early expressive language delay (EELD)

Answer 18

refers to a significant lag in expressive language that children to not outgrow

Question 19

Give examples of speech sound disorders (SSDs)

Answer 19

• phonological disorders
• articulation disorders
• voice disorders
• fluency disorders
• phonological awareness

Question 20

Describe phonological disorders

Answer 20

rules for producing and differentiating sounds are not understood, cannot produce intelligible words

Question 21

Describe phonological awareness.

Answer 21

An understanding of the sound structure of language (i.e., blending sounds into words)
- so not understand the contrasts between sounds

Question 22

Describe articulation disorders.

Answer 22

errors in producing sounds in which the individual omits, substitutes, distorts or adds speech sounds

Question 23

Why are articulation disorders considered a disorder?

Answer 23

• the number and types of errors
• the consistency of these errors
• the age and developmental characteristics of the speaker
• the intelligibility of the person’s speech

Question 24

What causes articulation disorders?

Answer 24

• brain damage to nerves controlling muscles involved in speech
• intellectual disabilities
• neurological disorders
• abnormalities of the oral structures
• hearing loss

Question 25

What is a voice disorder?

Answer 25

characteristic of pitch, loudness, and/or quality that are abusive of the larynx; hamper communication; or are perceived as markedly different

Question 26

What are some causes of voice disorders?

Answer 26

• functional disorders
• organic disorders
• neurological disorders

Question 27

Vocal quality

Answer 27

disorders may be due to physical abnormalities of the oral cavity or damage to the brain/nerves controlling the oral cavity

Question 28

Fluency disorders

Answer 28

interruptions in speech flow

Question 29

Disfluencies

Answer 29

hesitations, repetitions and other interruptions of normal speech flow
- interruptions are so pervasive that they prevent understanding or draw attention

Question 30

What is the most frequent fluency disorder?

Answer 30

Stuttering

Question 31

How common is stuttering

Answer 31

Not, ~ 1% of children and adults are stutterers

Question 32

What does stuttering lead to?

Answer 32

a negative feeling about communication ability

Question 33

What are the 3 core behaviours of stuttering?

Answer 33

1) part-word repetitions
2) sound prolonging
3) sound blocks

Question 34

What are the treatment strategies for stutterers?

Answer 34

• learn to deliberately prolong sounds
• speak slowly
• use devices to mask ability to hear oneself speak
• speak in groups where pressure is minimized

Question 35

Define motor speech disorders.

Answer 35

the result of damage to areas of the brain that control muscles or to the nerves leading to the muscles that make speech possible

Question 36

Define dysarthria

Answer 36

involves controlling speech sounds; slow, laboured, slurred and imprecise speech

Question 37

Apraxia

Answer 37

planning and coordinating speech; speech is slow, effortful, and inconsistent

Question 38

What are the 2 types of apraxia

Answer 38

1) Developmental

2) acquired apraxia

Question 39

***When Claudia, a seven-year-old, says “I goed” she is demonstrating a problem with which aspect of language?

Answer 39

Morphology