Definitions Flashcards
Health legislation
Set of all legal Regilative documents which control the variety of health care systems
What is public health
the health of a population living within one border of a country
What is public health international colla
Neighbour and workd nations come together to improve the health of their populations aswell as prevent any worsening of their condition
European health strategy
Healthier together in the EU
Surveillance method
Ongoing method of collecting. Interpretation. And analysing data essential to the planning, implementation and planning of public health practice
Sources of surveillance
vital records e.g birth records, infants mortality, divorce
Lab records
Passive surveillance
-gather data from potential reporting individuals
Active surveillance
- surveillance system gives stimulus to individuals in the form of personal feedback or other insentives
Sentinel surveillance
- randomly or intentionally selects a small group of individuals to gather it’s data from
Observation
Method of data involving being close to to things such that the observer can directly perceive and record the environment under study
social prophylaxis
social prophylaxis occurs After a social factor has been identifies & consists of the development of preventative programs that inhibit any kind of influence/impact by this factor
social therapy
introduction of sociotherapeutic factors with inclusion of positive factors that should promote re-establishment of health.
primary prophylaxis
interventions in the susceptible stage to reduce risk factors and prevent the occurence of disease
secondary prophylaxis
early detection of disease in order to prevent it’s progression
-screening, checkups, excercise
tertiary prophylaxis
full picture of disease is present and aim is the limitation of disability and provide rehabilitation
prevention
an activity that aims to eliminate risk factors
etiology
study of the cause of a disease
therapy
trying to positivley affect the person w/ the disease
SOCIAL ETIOLOGY
social risk factors that can causes diseases e.g.
- htn, smoking, obesty
most risk factors are social risk factors except genetic
SOCIAL PREVENTION
prevention of risk factors after they’ve been identified
SOCIAL THERAPY
removal of risk factors and the introduction of positive factors. e.g. excercise and diet
can potentially cure a disease
rehab
support pt’s after complete/ partial recovery of a disease using physical factors
SOCIAL REHAB
introduction of positive social factors to help individuals to progress to healthy life andre-introduction into society
the GPis responsible for the social rehab and gather’s a team especially for the pt and disease e.g.
child require paediatric consultant for the disease, social team, educators etc
health determinants (acc 2 who)
- heredity
-lifestyle
public health services ,
environment.
individual health
lowest level of health.
consists of
genetic, social, mental & physical health, which is influenced, by lifestyle & environment
Disease VS Illness
Disease: biological & physical phenomena that manifest as changes & malfunctions of the human body
can only be managed not cured
Illness: experience of the disease
can usually be cured
disability
difficulty of a person to carry out basic activities
Group health
⇒ the health of social and ethnic groups within a population
Public health
⇒ the health of a population and a society as a whole living w/in the border of one country
morbidity
totality of all new and old registered diseases for a certain year for which medical help was searched for
demography
studies the characteristics of
the human populations e.g. size, growth, density, distribution, vital statistic
Medical Demography
studies the demographic processes closely related to the health of
the population
population
demographic pop: number of people in a given area
statisics pop: all the units in consideration
1)population STATIC:
studies ~size, ~distribution & ~structure of a pop by --age -- sex mainly uses the census
2)population DYNAMIC :
studies population change & the processes that influence that change
uses registries
1)immigration 2)civil like birth and death 3)residence
census (every 10 years)
total process of collecting, compiling and publishing Demographic, Economic and Social data , at a specified time, to all persons in a country / delimited territory.
In Bulgaria don’t have exact how
many people are leaving.
conducted by NATIONAL STATISTIC INSTITUTE BG
uk= office for national statistics
eurape EUROSTAT
law of 70 d/2 pop boom
used to calculate the notion of doubling time
- if pop grows 1%/ year in 70 years it should have doubled it’s original population
- if 2% a year then it doubles in 70/2 years= 25 years
postulation pyramid.
Important to study ratio of children
and elderly, and the dependent .
Intrested in the work force and which part will go
to elderly and retire.
-expansive, stationary and constrictive
demographic ageing
shift in country’s distribution toward older ages.
shown by
1)increased mean population age,
2)decline fertility rates = decline in proportion of children
3) Increase in life expectancy=increase in elderly
changes voting as elderly are most consistent. increase in age related health problems
what is the Demographic Transition Model
a model that describes the population DYNAMIC
first described in the 1940s.
presents four stages in the evolution of the population in a society and the 2 ways the change is shown
change over space: as many countries at any one time can show population characteristics of different stages
change over time: in theory countries progress through all stages at some time
health determinants according to ECHI
Personal and biological factors
health behaviours
Living and working conditions
Disability free life expectancy
= the no of remaining years that a person of a certain age is supposed to live w/o disability
demographic determinism’ apocalyptic demography
when intervening values are ignored and media mis use demographic data to present a crisis w/o all the factual data
live birth
The complete expulsion from its
mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration
of pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows
any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart,
pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of
voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been
cut or the placenta is attached;
Death -
The complete loss of function of the cerebral neocortex
and brain stem.
Maternal death
The death of a women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the
duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or
aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes
vital registration
the recording of key life
cycle or vital events, According to the United Nations (2003)
these are: “A live birth, death, fetal death, marriage, divorce,
adoption, legitimation of birth, recognition of parenthood,
annulment of marriage or legal separation.”
ICD
01 Certain infectious or parasitic diseases
02 Neoplasms
03 Diseases of the blood or blood-forming organs
04 Diseases of the immune system
05 Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases
06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders
07 Sleep-wake disorders
08 Diseases of the nervous system
09 Diseases of the visual system
10 Diseases of the ear or mastoid process
11 Diseases of the circulatory system
12 Diseases of the respiratory system
13 Diseases of the digestive system
14 Diseases of the skin
15 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue
16 Diseases of the genitourinary system
17 Conditions related to sexual health
18 Pregnancy, childbirth or the puerperium
19 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
20 Developmental anomalies
21 Symptoms, signs or clinical findings, not elsewhere classified
22 Injury, poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes
23 External causes of morbidity or mortality
24 Factors influencing health status or contact with health services
Primary infertility
- The couple has never
conceived, despite cohabitation and exposure
to pregnancy for a period of 2 years.
Secondary infertility
The couple has
previously conceived, but is subsequently
unable to conceive despite cohabitation and
exposure to pregnancy for a period of 2 years.
If the woman has breast-fed a previous infant,
then exposure to pregnancy is calculated from
the end of lactational amenorroehea.
chance
the ratio something will happen
Ecological
Fallacy
interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong.
placebo
a pharmaceutical substance with NO ACTIVE INGREDIENT
double and triple blinding
double-blind study, neither the patients nor the researchers/doctors know which study group the patients are in.
In a triple-blind study, the patients, clinicians and the people carrying out the statistical analysis do not know which treatment patients had.
Policy
principle or protocol to guide decisions & achieve rational outcomes
Health
strategy
Long- term goals
- Sustainable
- Constant over time
Approved by council of Ministers after proposal of
Minister of health
• Adopted by National Assembly
Health policy
Short- term
- Flexible
- Detailed documents of how health strategy is
achieved
- Several policies needed to implement a Health
strategy
• Managed & implemented by Council of Ministers
Health
Management
Realisation of the priorities & achieving the results
maternal certificates
410 days => 90% of insurable income
• 135 days with 3 medical certificates:
• 45 days before the term - medical certificate from GP/OG
• 42 days after birth –document of maternity given when being discharged from hospital
• 48 days – medical certificate from the child’s paediatrician
• 275 days - paid by the NHI
• Paid vacation until the child turns 2 years (minimal salary)
• Single payment for the birth of a child - 250 Lev, (twins 500lev)
Family Anamnesis
information about disorders from which the direct blood relations have suffered from in the past.
what is medical establishments
Article 21 states
1) The health establishments are structures of the
national system of health care in which medical and
non-medical specialists carry activities related to
preservation and building-up of the health of citizens.
2) Health establishments in the meaning of law are;
- National centers for the problems of the public
health
- National Expert Physician Commission
- Health Consulting Rooms under Art.26
what is health insurance
Health Insurance is a process of collecting health insurance
fees, the management of resources and spending for
healthcare activities and services
working capacity
state of an organisms to carry out theri work responsibilities
working incapacity
state of not being able to carry out work responsibilities d/2
-illness, injury, increased working conditions
permanent incapicty
pathological changes of a disease that have a progressive and or irreversible character rendering the person unable to work for a long time or forever
temporary incapacity
state of not a being able to work for a period of time but is expected to fully recover and work normally
partial capacty
can’t work as usual
complete incapacity
can’t work at all. require special regimen
dispensary
an active method for observation of the health status of the different groups of the population.
dispensarisation
complex of medical and public actions for active search, active observation and active recovery
Health management
methodical systematic control and improvements of business processes to achieve predetermines objectives.
Regulation of a system by decreasing it’s entropy
management of human resources
rocess of effective utilization of the personnel in order to realize the aims of an organization at one hand + satisfaction of the needs + expectations of people at the other hand.
family planning
Refers to factors that may be considered by a couple in a committed relationship & each individual involved in deciding if & when to have children. Consider no. of children a couple wish to have & at what age they wish to have them
congenital abnormlaties
structural or functional anomalies present during intrauterine life and can be identified
1-prenatally
2-at birth
3- after birth
family
2 or more people living together related by birth, marriage or adoption
unit of healthcare
family health
positive interaction of family members where EACH member ENJOYS OPTIMUM physical, socal , spiritual and mental wellbeing
interview
conversation betw interviewer and interviewee in order to ELICIT certain info
can be
closed
open
semiclosed
sociallogical survery
method whw=ere subjects respond to a series of statements or questions via
1. INQmethods- Questionaire
- interview
- surveillance methods- observation
questionaire
instrurent of medical research involving answering questions in writing and answering them in writing
5 req of questionaiire
relevant, accurate, have all req info, predise giving of certain info, easily understood,
Planning and organization Program of the scientific investigation
Aim Object Units of observation Indices of observation Place Time Statistical analyses Methodology
• Data are paired
when 2 or more measurements are made on the same observational unit (subjects, couples, and so on).
• Data are unpaired
where only one type of measurement is made on each unit.
Population
A collection of all possible individuals, objects or measurements of interest.
Sample
A portion (or part) of the population of interest
Descriptive statisti
The procedure used to organize and summarize masses of numerical data.
Variance
the measure of the variability between data
Standard deviation
uncertainty with which the sample mean estimates individual measurements
Standard Error of Mean (SEM)
measures the uncertainty with which the sample mean estimates a population mean.
CI FOR A POPULATION PROPORTI
statistical probability that a characteristic is likely to occur within the population.
probability
measures the likelihood an effect will occur 0-1
p value
measures how true a result by measuring how large the difference would be in a random sample if the null hypothesis IS TRUE in comparison to the difference in the study
standard error of proportion
square root of
(sample proportionx 100 - sample proportion) / total number of outcomes
health culture
good health and wellbeing that FLOURISHES across -geographic-demographic-social sectors and allows everyone in the COMMUNITY to make CHOICES that IMPROVE healthy LIFESTYLE
health behaviour
ACTIONS to MAINTAIN-ATTAIN-REGAIN good health and reflects the HEALTH VIEWS.
health education
process of INFORMING and MOTIVATING and HELPING people to maintain a HEALTHY L.S
a n d
ADVOCATES healthy environment by facilitating changes to ENFORCE the HEALTHY L.S
a n d
conducts TRAINING and RESEARCH to that end
autonomy
capacity for self determination
- right to choose doc
- right for further info
informed consent
follows DUVAsteps
disclosure
understanding
vuluntary
agreement
process of the treating health care provider disclosing appropriate information to a COMPETANT pt in order for them to VOLUNTARILY accept or reject treatment
medical mistake
any preventable adverse effect of care regardless if it is EVIDENT or HARMFUL to the pt
