7. Medical Demography – history, classification. Demographic transition model.

Question 1

What is Medical Demography ?

Answer 1

Medical demography is the study of demographic processes, closely related to the health of the population.

• greek: demo(people) graphi(study)
• 2 branches/ classification

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• 1)population STATIC: studies size, distribution & structure of a pop by age, sex
  
  • mainly uses the census
• 2)population DYNAMIC : studies population change & the processes that influence that change
  
  • Registration of births and deaths (civil registration)
  • Residence registry
  • Immigration registry
  • migrantion:

Question 2

what is the history behind demography

Answer 2

1801: Gp = 1mill. census in england and france

1885: international stats institute established

1925: Gp=2mill

1927: first world pop conference Geneva
1954: UN world pop conference Rome
1959: Gp= 3mill
1960: FDA approves “pill” for birth control
1974: Gp= 4mill
1986: Gp= 5mill
2000: world pop 6 mill

Question 3

What is the role Medical Demography?

Answer 3

To identify:

1. inadequate service provisions at the population level,
2. variation in access to healthcare,
3. anomalies between health authority populations that require further investigation,
4. health outcome

In order to improve:

1. health promotion and disease prevention strategies,
2. primary and community care
3. secondary care.

Question 4

What is a Census?

Answer 4

Census is the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing
Demographic, Economic and Social data , at a specified
time, to all persons in a country / delimited territory.

Question 5

What is the Demographic Transitional Model?

Answer 5

• a model that describes the population DYNAMIC
• first described in the 1940s.
• presents four stages in the evolution of the population in a society and the 2 ways the change is shown

1. change over space: as many countries at any one time can show population characteristics of different stages
2. change over time: in theory countries progress through all stages at some time

Question 6

What is Stage 1 of Demographic Transitional Model?

Answer 6

Stage 1 – High fertility, high mortality (pre-industrial).

• both the birth rates & death rates are high and fluctuate
• leads to small population growth.

Possible reasons:

1. poor birth control
2. religious beliefs encourage large families
3. high infant mortality
4. high death rates

Question 7

What is Stage 2 of Demographic Transitional Model?

Answer 7

Stage 2 – High fertility, declining mortality (industrializing).

• Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall rapidly
• causing a high population growth.

Possible reasons:

1. • Improvement of quality and access to medical care
2. • Improved transport and communication
3. • Better sanitation, water supply & nutrition
4. • Decrease in infant mortality

Question 8

What is Stage 3 of Demographic Transitional Model?

Answer 8

Stage 3 – Declining fertility, low mortality.

• Birth rates fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall.
• population begins to peak and increase slows to a constant.

Possible reasons:

1. • Increased access to contraception
2. • Increased desire for material possessions
3. • Industrialization
4. • Equality for women
5. • Lower infant mortality rate

Question 9

What is Stage 4 of Demographic Transitional Model?

Answer 9

Stage 4 – Low fertility, low mortality (stable population).

• Both birth rates and death rates remain low,
• fluctuating with ‘baby booms’ and epidemics of illnesses and disease.

Question 10

What is Stage 5 of Demographic Transitional Model?

Answer 10

population decrease

birth rate less than death rate

germany

uk2020

Question 11

examples of Social Stages of different nations?

Answer 11

1. Denmark – low birth and death rates.
2. Chile – declining birth rate, low death rate
3. Cape Verde – high birth rate, declining death rate

Question 12

types of migration observed in popuation dynamics

Answer 12

External migration: movement of ppl from one country to another

• ppl leaving a country= migrants
• ppl entering a country = immigrants
  
  • Forced migration: no choice d/2 war, slavery, natural disaster, overpopulation
  • Voluntary migration: chosen e.g. work, qol, marriage

Permanent internal migration types:

• Urbanisation: rural ⇒ urban
• Urban depopulation: urban ⇒ rural
• Regional: permanent movment w/in a city

Temporary internal migration

• Daily: everyday to school, work, etc
• Seasonal: related to agriculture e.g. seaside, seasonal employment,
• Semi-permanent: limited period of time for work i nanother area that’s not related to season

Question 13

what are the heath risks of migration

Answer 13

External migration

• changes in disease epidemiology: sickle cell
• increase in global pandemics : ebola

Internal migration

• permanent: health risks d/2 overpopulation or depopulation
• Temporary migration: seasonal peaks in disease incidence e.g.
  
  • Summer: GI infec Winter: fracture

Question 14

population dynamics are split into

Answer 14

natural and vital events

vital events

• live birth
• death
• fetal death
• marriage/divorce/deperation
• adoption
• recognition of parent hood

Question 15

what things are required for registrated events

Answer 15

age, sex, and place of residence

place and date of occurence of the event for registration

date of the registration itself

Question 16

Live Birth -

Answer 16

The complete expulsion from its
mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration
of pregnancy, which, after such separation, b_reathes or shows
any other evidence of life,_ such as beating of the heart,
pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of
voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been
cut or the placenta is attached;