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🌱🧬Biology-Emma🧬🌱 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and shared pair of electrons

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2
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

When atoms donate or receive electrons from another atom

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3
Q

Cation

A

Positive ion that has more protons than electrons and has lost electrons

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4
Q

Anion

A

Negative ion that has more electrons than protons and has gained electrons

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5
Q

Polar

A

Has regions of negativity and positivity

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6
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

A bond between an oxygen and hydrogen atom, is covalent (O-H)

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7
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

The relatively weak attractions between molecules with a partially positive region and partially negative region.

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Are hydrated carbons

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9
Q

Monosaccharide

A

One sugar unit e.g. glucose, fructose, ribose

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10
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides linked together e.g. sucrose, maltose, lactose

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11
Q

Polysaccharide

A

When multiple monosaccharides link together e.g. glycogen, cellulose and starch

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12
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

The covalent bond between two glucose molecules

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13
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

When two hyroxyls in alpha glucose molecules join together

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14
Q

Isomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but a different structure

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15
Q

Ester Bonds

A

When hydroxyl groups between glycerol and fatty acids bond

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16
Q

Esterificiation

A

When ester bonds are made from glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides and water

17
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

18
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repelled by water

19
Q

Peptides

A

Polymers made up of amino acids which are the monomers

20
Q

R-groups

A

The variable groups that are in the centre of amino acids and can make different amino acids

21
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

The bonds between the hydroxyl group in the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the hydrogen in the amine group of the other amino acid

22
Q

Alpha Helix

A

Shape of secondary structure of proteins when hydrogen bonds bend the amino acid chains

23
Q

Beta Pleated Sheets

A

Other shape of secondary structure of proteins when there are hydrogen bonds between parallel amino acid chains

24
Q

Disulfide bonds / Disulfide Bridges

A

Covalent bonds between two R-groups that have sulfur atoms in them

25
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomers of nucleic acids, have a base,phosphate group and pentose sugar

26
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

The covalent bond between the phosphate group of the 5th carbon of one pentose sugar in one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the 3rd carbon of another pentose sugar in an adjacent nucleotide

27
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Smaller bases which contain a single carbon ring structure e.g thymine,cytosine

28
Q

Purine

A

Larger bases which contain a double carbon ring structure e.g adenine, guanine

29
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid, it’s relatively short section of the large DNA molecule that can leave the nucleus to partake in protein synthesis

30
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid it’s a large molecule that is in a double helix strand and contains all the genetic information.

31
Q

Semi-conservative replication

A

When DNA is replicated there will always be one old strand from the parental DNA and one newly synthesised strand

32
Q

Genetic code

A

A sequence of DNA bases that code for amino acids which in turn code for proteins

33
Q

Codon

A

Three bases are called a codon and each codon can code for a specific amino acid

34
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that contains the complete sequence of bases to code for an entire protein

35
Q

Degenerate code

A

Many codons will code for one specific amino acids as there are 64 codons and 22 amino acids

36
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA which is a short section of DNA that has been transcripted so that it can leave the nucleus and travel to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

37
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA is the RNA which is needed for the translation to make proteins. It has 3 bases called an anticodon which binds to the codon of mRNA and it also carries an amino acid

38
Q

Anticodon

A

Three bases that form complementary pairs with the codons of mRNA

39
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate which is the universal energy currency as it transfers energy very easily and efficiently

🌱🧬Biology-Emma🧬🌱 (83 decks)

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