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RUSVM Toxicology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology

A

Science of poisons; can be defined as the science of chemical properties, their physical and chem properties, sources, toxicity, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of action, clinical signs, lesions, lab diagnosis, diagnosis, and DDx and treatment (or prevention) of dz caused by toxicants

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2
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Foreign chemicals that the body does not produce

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3
Q

Poison (toxicant)

A

Any substance (solid, liquid, gas) when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

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4
Q

What are the sources of natural toxicants?

A

Plant
Animal
Mineral
Fungi or bacteria

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5
Q

What are the two sources of toxicants?

A

Natural

Synthetic

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6
Q

What is an example of a synthetic toxicant?

A

Organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides

Organic herbicides

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7
Q

Give an example of each of the natural sources of toxicants.

A

Plant- poisonous plants
Animals- snake venom, insect stings, fish toxins
Mineral- lead, arsenic, nitrate
Fungi of bacteria- mycotoxins

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8
Q

Toxin (biotoxin)

A

A poison from a biological process

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9
Q

Toxic

A

Used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

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10
Q

Toxicosis (poisoning or intoxication)

A

Disease caused by exposure to a poison

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11
Q

Toxicity

A

Amount of poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects

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12
Q

What is the toxicity expressed as in mammals? (With units)

A

LD 50 mg/kg BW

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13
Q

What is the toxicity expressed as in birds?

A

LC50 mg/kg Feed

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14
Q

What is the toxicity expressed as in fish?

A

LC50 in mg/L of water

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15
Q

Acute Toxicity

A

The effect of a single dose or multiple doses during a 24 hr period

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16
Q

Subacute toxicity

A

The effect produced by daily exposure from 1 day to 30 days

17
Q

Subchronic toxicity

A

The effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days

18
Q

Chronic toxicity

A

The effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more

19
Q

Chronicity factor

A

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

20
Q

Compounds with cumulative effects have ____________ chronicity factors; compounds with non cumulative effects have ______________ chronicity factors.

A

High, Low

21
Q

What does the chronicity factor have to be greater than to indicate cumulative toxicant?

A

2.0

22
Q

Warfarin is a ________________ toxicant
Caffeine is a ________________ toxicant
Strychnine is a ______________ toxicant

A

Cumulative
Non
Non

23
Q

Toxic dose

A

Produces a toxic effect

24
Q

Highest nontoxic dose (HNTD)

A

The highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic ulceration (clinical, hematologist, biochemical, or pathological alterations)

25
Q

Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD)

A

Similar to the highest nontoxic dose- between effective dose range and toxic dose range

26
Q

Toxic dose low (TDL)

A

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

27
Q

Toxic dose high (TDH)

A

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death

28
Q

No effect level (maximum nontoxic level)

A

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness, or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period (usually 90 days to two years or more depending on the species)
(Used for feed additives- also called HNTD)

29
Q

Lethal dose

A

The dose that causes death in any animals during the period of observation

30
Q

LD0

A

The highest dose that does not cause any death

31
Q

LD50

A

The dose that kills 50% of animals in a group

32
Q

LD100

A

The lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group

33
Q

Hazard (risk)

A

The danger from the possibility of exposure (think about risk ratio table)

34
Q

Toxicokinetics

A

Study of the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion or toxic agents

RUSVM Toxicology (23 decks)

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