D-Limonene

Question 1

What is D-Limonene?

Answer 1

Named from the peel of the lemon
Major constituent in EO from citrus fruit peels
Clear Colorless
Volatile 
Cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon
Lipophilic

Question 2

What are sources of exposure?

Answer 2

Botanical insecticide
Botanical herbicide
Biodegradable cleaning agents and solvents

Question 3

What is the toxicity?

Answer 3

Generally considered safe 1-5%
-dogs and cats susceptible, but cats more sensitive

Contains a photosensitizer that readily oxidizes in air and sunlight, especially to sensitive skin produce mild irritation or dermal sensitization

Question 4

What are the main toxicokinetic effects?

Answer 4

Metabolized in the liver (hepatotoxic) and excreted in the urine (nephrotoxic)

Question 5

What are the clinical signs?

Answer 5

Ataxia, weakness, recumbency, paralysis
CNS depression, hypothermia, and hypotension
Patient smells like lemons
Mild to severe skin reactions (necrotizing dermatitis)

Question 6

Is there any specific test to diagnose this? If so, or if not, what is the test or how do we diagnose?

Answer 6

No specific test

Diagnosis is generally made based on exposure history and lemon scent

Question 7

What is the treatment?

Answer 7

Decontamination (shampoo)
Monitor temp- watch out for iatrogenic hypothermia which is similar to pyrethins
Fluids

Question 8

What is the prognosis?

Answer 8

Excellent in subleathal toxiosis
Usually resolves in 6-12 hours
Worse if rare skin rxns