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AS Chemistry > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic orbitals?

A

A region around the nucleus that can hold up to two electrons with opposite spin.

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2
Q

What is the 1st ionisation energy?

A

Energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms producing ions of charge +1.

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3
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Electrostatic attraction between positive and negatively charged ions.

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4
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.

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5
Q

What is a dative covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond in which the shared pair of electrons has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only.

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6
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond.

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7
Q

What is a dipole?

A

The difference in charge between two atoms caused by a shift in electron density in the bond.

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8
Q

What are intermolecular forces?

A

Forces between molecules.

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9
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

The strong electrostatic attraction between positive ions and negatively charged delocalised electrons in a regular lattice.

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10
Q

What is a mole?

A

Amount of substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of C-12.

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11
Q

What is Avogadro’s constant?

A

Number of particles per mole of a substance.

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12
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ration of atoms to each element present in a compound.

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13
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

Number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule.

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14
Q

What is the titre?

A

The final reading off the burette taken from the initial reading.

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15
Q

What is water of crystallisation?

A

Number of water molecules chemically combined in a definite molecular proportion, with the salt in its crystal state.

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16
Q

What does hydrated mean?

A

A solid salt containing water of crystallisation.

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17
Q

What does anhydrous mean?

A

A salt which doesn’t contain water of crystallisation.

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18
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons and the increase in oxidation number.

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19
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons and a reduction in oxidation number.

20
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

When oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously in a reaction.

21
Q

What is enthalpy of combustion?

A

Enthalpy change for the complete combustion of 1 mole of a substance.

22
Q

What is enthalpy of formation?

A

When 1 mole of a substance is formed from its elements.

23
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.

24
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

25
Q

What is a radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron.

26
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Same structural formula but with a different arrangement in space.

27
Q

What is E/Z isomerism?

A

Example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group.

28
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same.

29
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

Electron pair acceptors.

30
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons containing single C-C and C-H bonds as sigma bonds.

31
Q

What are sigma bonds?

A

Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms.

32
Q

What are the standard conditions?

A

298K, 1atm, 1moldm-3

33
Q

What is average bond enthalpy?

A

Breaking 1 mole of bonds in gaseous molecules.

34
Q

What is a heterogenous catalyst?

A

One that is in a different phase from the other reactants.

35
Q

What is a homogenous catalyst?

A

One in the same phase as the reactants.

36
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron pair donor.

37
Q

What are CFCs?

A

Organic compounds that only contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon.

38
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus.

39
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

40
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

41
Q

What is the RAM?

A

Weighted mean mass compared with 1/12th mass of carbon-12.

42
Q

What is relative isotopic mass?

A

Mass of ab isotope compared with 1/12th mass of carbon-12.

43
Q

What are giant covalent lattices?

A

Huge networks of covalently bonded atoms.

44
Q

What are allotropes?

A

Different forms of the same element in the same state.

45
Q

What is a salt?

A

When the H+ in an acid is replaced by a metal ion / ammonium ion.

46
Q

What is enthalpy change of neutralisation?

A

Formation of 1 mole of water from neutralisation.

AS Chemistry (24 decks)

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