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FIRST AID Flash Cards > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrolase

A

BIOCHEM

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond (adds H2O)

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2
Q

Lyase

A

BIOCHEM
an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis & oxidation
Ex: ATP -> cAMP + PPi

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3
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

BIOCHEM
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of e-‘s from reductant/electron donor to the oxidant/electron acceptor
OIL
RIG

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4
Q

Transferase

A

BIOCHEM

enzymes that transfer specific functional groups as a piece from one molecule to another

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5
Q

Ligase

A

BIOCHEM - ligare = to glue together

an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of 2 large molecules by forming new chemical bonds,

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6
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

A
  • group of cytokines that cause cell death
  • wide variety of proinflammatory actions (coagulation)
  • produced my macrophages, NK cells, CD4+ lymphocytes
  • primary role is to regulate immune cells
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7
Q

Chemokines

A
  • cytokines that induce chemotaxis
  • specifically in immune & inflammatory responses & wound healing
  • mostly attract leukocytes, monocytes & neutrophils
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8
Q

Complement

A
  • “complements” the ability of the antibodies/phagocytic cells to CLEAR pathogens
  • part of INNATE immune response/inflammation
  • end result is an activation cascade with massive amplification
  • 3 pathways: classical (antibody activated), alternative (microbe activated) & MBL pathway (Mannose binding lectin binds to receptor & activates)
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9
Q

Nitric Oxide (NO)

A
  • free radical
  • vasodialator with short half life
  • cytotoxic to micro-organisms
  • stimulated by IL-1, TNF & INF-gamma
  • iNOS catalyzes production of NO which reacts with superoxide & oxidative burst
  • NTG -> NO in body; can cause septic shock (mass vasoD)
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10
Q

Histmaine

A
  • produced by granules in basophils, mast cells, & eosinophils in ECM
  • increases vasodilation & permeability of capillaries
  • sensitized by IgE antibodies (FEVER & Pain)
  • also can play a role in chemotaxis as a chemocytokine
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11
Q

Case Series or Clinical Series

A
  • Descriptive study
  • tracks patients with a known exposure given similar treatment (prospective) or examines their medical records for exposure/outcome (retrospective)
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12
Q

Cross Sectional Study or prevalence study

A
  • observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population/sample at one specific point in time
  • snap shot
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13
Q

Case-Control Study

A
  • observational study for epidemiology
  • 2 existing groups differing in outcome are IDed and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute
    i. e. identifying risk factors
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14
Q

Cohort

A
  • observational study - longitudinal
  • group of subjects who have shared a particular attribute
  • an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction
    • largely about the life histories of segments of populations, and the individual people who constitute these segments
  • In medicine, a cohort study is often undertaken to obtain evidence to try to refute the existence of a suspected association between cause and effect; failure to refute a hypothesis often strengthens confidence in it
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15
Q

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

A
  • Gold standard/top of pyramid*
  • limit the potential for biases & confounding factors
  • test the efficacy or effectiveness of various types of medical intervention within a patient population
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16
Q

Cytokine

A
  • broad term for a category of small proteins; they are released by cells to affect the behavior of other cells
  • includes: chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, TNF; not hormones/growth factors
17
Q

interferons

A
  • proteins released by host cells in response to pathogens
  • “interfere” with viral replication = antiviral agents
  • upregulates MHC I & II
  • gamma - activate macrophages & NK cells
18
Q

interleukins

A
  • backbone if signaling in the immune system
  • cell signalling by leukocytes/WBC
  • VARIETY of functions
  • named by scientists in Interlaken, Switzerland
19
Q

lymphokines

A
  • produced/ secreted by helper T cells - releas IL-2, -3, -4, -5, -6, Imterferon gamma
  • attract macrophages
20
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC

21
Q

lymphocytes

A

subtype of WBC: T cells, B cells & NK cells

22
Q

Proinflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1, TNF, INF-gamma & sensation of the presence of LPS(Gram neg bac)

23
Q

Integrins

A

transmembrane receptors that bridge
cell to cell interations &
cell to ECM interations

24
Q

Stroma

A

connective, functionally supportive framework of a cell, tissue, organ
i.e.surrounding capsule/CT

25
Q

Parenchyma

A

the functional part of the organ

i.e.Renal Tubule

26
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • antigen presenting cells

- messengers between the innate/adaptive immune responses

27
Q

lysozymes

A

enzymes in a lysosome that damage bacterial cell walls causing it to lyse
-think ROS & NO/iNOS

28
Q

Diapedesis

A
  • leukocytes/WBC leaving the blood by migrating between epithelial cells lining venuoles to enter CT
  • permeability is increased during inflammation
  • when endothelium contract -> causing gaps for them to fit through

FIRST AID Flash Cards (11 decks)

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