Definitely on Exam 1

Question 1

What are the strongest inducers?

*(this is on EVERY EXAM)

Answer 1

Phenytoin
Smoking
Phenobarbital
Oxcarbazepine
Rifampin (and rifabutin / rifapentine)
Carbamazepine
St. John’s Wort

PS PORCS

Question 2

What are the strongest inhibitors?

*(this is on EVERY EXAM)

Answer 2

Grapefruit
PIs (protease inhibitors)
Azoles
C–cyclosporin & cimetidine
Macrolides (not azithromycin)
Amiodarone (and dronedarone)
Non-DHP CCBs (diltiazem and verapamil)

G PACMAN

Question 3

Name 3 medications that can induce fever

Answer 3

Beta-lactams, nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides

Question 4

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? How might you treat them?

Answer 4

1) Redness, swelling, heat, pain.
2) NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, or acetaminophen.

Question 5

Name 4 bacteria you should suspect in the upper respiratory tract infection

Answer 5

1) Strep. [pyrogenes]
2) Strep. [pneumonae]
3) Haemophilus influenzae
4) Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 6

What 4 things should you suspect in endocarditis?

Answer 6

1) Staphylococcus
2) Streptococcus viridans
3) Enterococcus
4) HACEK

Question 7

Name 5 causes of meningitis

Answer 7

1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Neisseria
3) Haemophilus influenzae
4) GBS/E coli
5) Listeria

Question 8

Name 5 potential causes of community-acquired lower respiratory infection

Answer 8

1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3/4) Atypicals: Legionella, Mycoplasma
5) Enteric GN

Question 9

Name 4 potential causes of hospital acquired lower respiratory infection

Answer 9

1) Staphylococcus
2) Pseudomonas
3) Enteric GN
4) Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 10

What are 4 common intra-abdominal infection bacteria?

Answer 10

1) Enteric GN,
2) Enterococcus
3) Streptococcus
4) Bacteroides spp.

Question 11

Name 5 bacteria you should suspect in a bone/ joint infection

Answer 11

1) Staphylococcus aureus
2) Staphylococcus epidermidis
3) Streptococci
4) Enterococcus
5) Neisseria

Question 12

Name 5 bacteria that can be found in UTIs

Answer 12

1) E. coli
2) Proteus
3) Klebsiella
4) Staphylococcus saprophyticus
5) Enterococcus

Question 13

Name a type of diplococcus that’s α-hemolytic and commonly causes pneumonia and meningitis

Answer 13

Pneumococci (S. pneumoniae)

Question 14

What are the 3 things antibiotics target?

Answer 14

1) Cell wall synthesis
2) Nucleic acid synthesis
3) Protein synthesis

Question 15

Name the 4 categories of antibiotics that attack cell wall synthesis

Answer 15

1) Beta-lactams
2) Vancomycin
3) Bacitracin
4) Cell membrane (polymyxins)

Question 16

Name 5 groups within the Beta-lactam category

Answer 16

1) Penicillins
2) Cephalosporins
3) Carbapenems
4) Monobactams

Question 17

List the 3 ways antibiotics can attack nucleic acid synthesis, and what’s in each category

Answer 17

1) Folate synthesis: sulfonamides and trimethoprim
2) DNA gyrase: quinolones
3) RNA polymerase: rifampin

Question 18

What are the 2 ways bacteria can attack protein synthesis?

Answer 18

1) 50s subunit
2) 30s subunit

Question 19

1) What antibiotics attack the 50s subunit?
2) Which attack the 30s subunit?

Answer 19

1) Macrolides, clindamycin, linezolid
2) Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides

Question 20

1) Ertapenem NOT cover what 3 things?
2) What is it the DOC for?

Answer 20

1) Pseudomonas, enterococcus, E.faecium
2) ESBL