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AY13 Witchcraft History > DECLINE CAUSES - Human Knowledge and Understanding > Flashcards

DECLINE CAUSES - Human Knowledge and Understanding Flashcards

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1
Q

Understanding EVIDENCE

Empirical thought - what does this mean?

A

The best evidence is information that’s observed & collected.
From that, you can do inductive reasoning.

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2
Q

Understanding EVIDENCE

Empirical thought - what is inductive reasoning?

A

Basing a conclusion off of evidence given.

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3
Q

Understanding EVIDENCE

Empirical thought - what book addressed empirical thought?

A

“The Advancement of Learning” by Frances Bacon, 1605

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4
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Who was Rene Descartes?

A

A very religious mechanical philosopher who influenced the scientific revolution.

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5
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Outline what Rene Descartes wrote.
2

A

The world & solar system are machines - everything in it has its own role.

The solar system can’t be influenced by God because its existence has already been decided so can’t be changed.

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6
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

How did Rene Descartes’ work link to witchcraft?

A

If God can’t change anything, neither can the Devil. Therefore, witchcraft cannot be real.

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7
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

What did Thomas Hobbes link?
How does this link to witchcraft?

A

Deductive reasoning and materialism.

Spirits cannot be real because they cannot be seen or touched.

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8
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

What is deductive reasoning?
What is materialism?

A

Applying a known rule to a preconceived theory.

Everything is made up of matter.

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9
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

What does John Locke argue?
2

A

Everything has secondary & primary characteristics.

Humans are born without knowledge learn from experiences. Therefore, knowledge isn’t always accurate & is too subjective to be trusted.

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10
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

What are primary and secondary characteristics?

A

Primary - what People can see

Secondary - what is Specific to us

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11
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

What was Gresham college?

A

The early Royal Society, based in London.

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12
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

Who went to Gresham college?

A

People who wanted to experiment & learn more of the world but did so secretly as the Church was too powerful.

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13
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

What did Gresham college result in?

A

The formation of the Royal Society.

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14
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

What was the position of Gresham college throughout the era of witchcraft?

A

In the background throughout early decline in witchcraft.

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15
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

What did society look like when the Royal Society was created?

A

More politically stable climate.

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16
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

When was the Royal Society formed and when was it’s first meeting?

A

Formed in 1660, first official meeting in 1662.

17
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

What was dicussed at the Royal Society?

A

Scientific matters ie bologists, botanists, mathematicians.

18
Q

The EFFECT of the ROYAL SOCIETY

What is the Royal Society well known for?

A

Advocating for empirical evidence & ensuring everything they published was found using this.

19
Q

Briefly explain the impact human knowledge and understanding had on the decline in witchcraft belief. (2)

A

Inspired thinkers & theologians to find different explanations of unnatural phenomena.

Cemented ideas in the intellectual consciousness that created doubt about spectral evidence

20
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Thomas Hobbes - Materialism in De Corpore & De Homine (1655-1658) CHANGED witchcraft belief:
________ people - _______________.
Explains why _____ declined after 16__ - ______ willing to be _______ with _______ by ________ accused. ____ acquitted in every ____ he presided over.
SIGNIFICANCE:
________ with others - new _____.
Revealed ______ of ideas - people _____ more ________.

A

a) influenced, Webster, Bekker & Holt
b) belief, 1660, judges, ‘activist’, scepticism, protecting, Holt, trial
c) resonated, ideas
d) strength, thought, rationally

21
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Thomas Hobbes & Materialism - De Corpore & De Homine (1655-1658) - how DIDN’T it change witchcraft belief?
(spirits)
What is the significance of the impact?
(religion)

A

Left open idea of spirits with material bodies too fine to be seen by humans.

SIGNIFICANCE:
Reveals strength of ideas - religion prominent in society.

22
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Frances Bacon ‘Proficience of Learning’ (1605) - how did it change witchcraft belief?
(implemented, thinking)
What is the significance of the impact?
(study)

A

His ideas implemented after 1640 - influenced TRS & used in different studies.

Changed influential people’s way of thinking.

SIGNIFICANCE:
Resonated - used in study of religion & philosophy.

23
Q

Understanding HUMAN KNOWLEDGE

Frances Bacon ‘Proficience of Learning’ (1605) - how DIDN’T it change witchcraft belief?
(scientific, existence)
What is the significance of the impact?
(communities)

A

Empiricist approach didn’t deny magic & allowed it to be observed as part of scientific approach.

Early members of TRS used his methods to prove existence of witchcraft.

SIGNIFICANCE:
Heightened chance of trials - members of TRS had the power to influence communities.

24
Q

What was the name of Frances Bacon’s book and when was it published?

A

Proficience and Advancement of Learning in 1605

25
Q

What was the name of Thomas Hobbes’ books and when were they published?

A

De Corpore in 1655 & De Homine in 1658

26
Q

What was the name of John Locke’s book and when was it published?

A

Essay Concerning Human Understanding in 1690

27
Q

John Locke’s ‘Essay Concerning Human Understanding’ (1690) - it changed belief:
Made no _________ for _________ existence due to _______ & ________ approach.

______ can never be ______ as they’re _________ in _______ ways.

SIGNIFICANCE:
________ - ______ a new _______ on the ____ of __________.

A

a) allowances, supernatural, materialism, empiricist b) spirits, proved, perceived, difference
c) resonated, shaped, consensus, basis, knowledge

28
Q

John Locke’s ‘Essay Concerning Human Understanding’ (1690) - it DIDN’T it change belief:
Didn’t deny _____, but said he hadn’t _________ them, so couldn’t _____ their ________.

SIGNIFICANCE:
No _________ of _____ - _________ not _______ until ____ - _____ slow to act on _______.
Changed _______ number of people’s _______ - still ________ belief: ______ in ____ & _________ in _____.

A

a) spirits, experienced, justify, existence
b) development, ideas, Witchcraft Act, repealed, 1736, elites, findings
c) limited, thinking, widespread, Salem, 1692, Jane Wenham, 1712

AY13 Witchcraft History (22 decks)

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