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Question 1

What are the maim species that cause Malaria?

Answer 1

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale & malariae

Question 2

How is malaria spread?

Answer 2

Via a vector, the female anophales mosquito

Question 3

Where is malaria seen?

Answer 3

AsiaAfricaMiddle EastSouth AmericaCentral America

Question 4

Which malaria is the most deadly?

Answer 4

Falciparum

Question 5

How long is the incubation period?

Answer 5

1-3 weeks

Question 6

Give the symptoms of malaria

Answer 6

HeadacheCoughMalaiseFatigueArthralgiaMyalgiaFever, chills and sweats which cycle every 3-4 days

Question 7

What are some specific investigations for malaria?

Answer 7

Blood smearHead CT for CNS symptoms

Question 8

What are the treatments for malaria?

Answer 8

Depends on speciesFalciparum = quinine Others = chloroquinine, primaquinine

Question 9

What is the exo-erythrocytic phase?

Answer 9

Where plasmodium multiplies in the liver

Question 10

What is the erythroctic phase?

Answer 10

Where plasmodium is bing transported in the blood

Question 11

How can malaria be prevented?

Answer 11

Know at risk areasPrevention of bites – repellent, long sleeves, mosquito netsChemoprophylaxis

Question 12

What is enteric/typhoid fever?

Answer 12

A severe life-threatening systemic illness. It is characterised by fever and abdominal symtoms

Question 13

What cause enteric fever?

Answer 13

Salmonella infection

Question 14

Where is enteric fever commonly seen?

Answer 14

Asia South America Africa

Question 15

How is enteric fever spread?

Answer 15

Faecal oral transmission

Question 16

How would someone with enteric fever present?

Answer 16

Non-specificFever and headache

Question 17

What are some symptoms of enteric fever?

Answer 17

Abdominal discomfortConstipationDry coughOccasional rash

Question 18

What is the incubation period for typhoid fever?

Answer 18

7-14 days

Question 19

What are some signs of enteric fever on investigation?

Answer 19

Moderate anaemiaRelative lymphocyte countRaised LFTs of transaminase and bilirubin

Question 20

How can enteric fever be prevented?

Answer 20

Food and water hygieneTyphoid vaccine

Question 21

What are some other infections that salmonella can cause?

Answer 21

Food poisoning- can lead to bacteraemia and deep seated infections

Question 22

What is brucellosis?

Answer 22

Systemic infection causing a non-specific febrile illness. Is a zoonosis

Question 23

How can someone get brucellosis?

Answer 23

Through skin breaks and the GI tract

Question 24

How is brucellosis treated?

Answer 24

Doxycycline and rifampicin

Question 25

What are some specific characteristics of brucellosis infection?

Answer 25

Is very infectious and is very easy to transmit.

Question 26

What would the treatment plan be for someone who had watery diarrhoea?

Answer 26

Fluids - oral or IV depending on severityIntroduce bland foodsGive antibiotics when the patient has sever or prolonged symptoms

Question 27

What type of micro-organism is influenza A?

Answer 27

Single stranded RNA virus

Question 28

How is influenza A transmitted?

Answer 28

Respiratory secretions

Question 29

What is a specific characteristic of influenza A?

Answer 29

Has antigens associated with its outer viral proteins -- H and N

Question 30

What does a H antigen represent?

Answer 30

Haemagglutinin-- causes RBCs to agglutinate-- have 16 subtypes

Question 31

What does an N antigen represent?

Answer 31

Neuroaminidase-- cleaves glycosidic bonds between neuraminic acid

Question 32

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 32

Minor change to N and H antigens which occur each year. Are due to random mutations in the proteins. Subtypes do not change.

Question 33

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 33

Change in the properties of antigens and therefore the subtype. Occurs every 10-20 years. Gives rise to major outbreaks e.g. H1N1

Question 34

What is the pharmacological action of oseltamivir?

Answer 34

Is a neuroaminidase inhibitor

Question 35

What is Leigonella pneumophilia?

Answer 35

Gram negative rod

Question 36

How is Leigonella pneumophilia spread?

Answer 36

Respiratory secretions

Question 37

How does Leigonella pneumophilia replicate?

Answer 37

Is taken up by macrophages by phagocytosis but the lysosome cannot fuse with the vacuole. This allows the bacteria to replicate inside the macrophage where it is protected.

Question 38

How would you treat Leigonella pneumophilia?

Answer 38

Quinolone class antibiotic-- it is a notifiable disease