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Question 1

Define infection

Answer 1

The invasion of a hosts tissue by micro-organisms and the associated disease and damage caused. – due to host response, microbial multiplication and the toxins released

Question 2

Define commensals

Answer 2

Micro-organisms which are carried on the skin and mucosal surfaces. Are generally harmless and often beneficial. – can be harmful when they are transferred to other sites

Question 3

Define Pathogen

Answer 3

A micro-organism which has become invasive, causing disease.

Question 4

Define intermediary

Answer 4

Carries a disease without being infected by the disease itself

Question 5

What are the main methods of transmission?

Answer 5

Physical contactAirborne spread (droplets or aerosols)VectorsWaterFoodFaecal-oral trasmissionVertical transmission

Question 6

How do microorganisms causes disease?

Answer 6

ExposureAdherenceInvasionMultiplication Dissemination (movement from one cell to another)

Question 7

What determines if a patient becomes infected by a disease?

Answer 7

Pathogenic FactorsPatient Factors

Question 8

Describe some pathogenic factors

Answer 8

1. Virulence factors (molecules expressed by pathogens. Allows for: obtaining nutrition, immunosuppression)2. Inoculum size3. Antimicrobial resistance

Question 9

What kind of investigations can you do for infections?

Answer 9

Specific and Supportive

Question 10

Define specific investigations

Answer 10

For bacteria: specimen type from swabs, tissues fluids etc, microscopy, culture, antigen detectionFor viruses: Antigen detection, antibody detection, detections of viral nucleic acids

Question 11

Define supportive investigations

Answer 11

Full blood countCRPLFTs and KFTsImagingHistopathology

Question 12

Define the term Koch’s Postulates

Answer 12

Criteria which are designed to allow you to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease

Question 13

What are Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 13

1. Microorganism should be found in all people suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms2. Microorganism should be isolated from the diseased patient and grown in pure culture3. Cultured microorganism should causes disease when introduced into a healthy organism4. Microorganism should be re-isolated from the inoculated diseased patient and it should be identical to the original causative agent.