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Question 1

Define Healthcare Infection

Answer 1

An infection that arises due to providing healthcare- patient is not incubating or infected at the time of admission- onset occurs over 48 hours after admission- included infections in hospital visitors and workers

Question 2

Why are healthcare infections important?

Answer 2

• are preventable- are frequent- have a significant impact on health- have a significant impact on healthcare system (longer stays, distribution of resources, money spent on treatment)

Question 3

What are some common infections that are classed as healthcare infections?

Answer 3

UTIsPneumoniaGI infections - diarrhoeaSurgical wound infectionsPrimary blood streamSkin and soft tissue

Question 4

What are the three main points at which healthcare infections can be prevented?

Answer 4

Prevent pathogen from reaching patientStop infection from developing in the patientStop the patient from spreading the infection

Question 5

Give some examples of specifici healthcare related illnesses and causes

Answer 5

NorovirusStaph aureau (MRSA)C difficile causes pseudomonas colitisCandida albicans (UTIs)

Question 6

What are the characteristics of patient who tend to acquire healthcare infections?

Answer 6

At extremes of ageHave multiple co-morbiditiesDiabetesSmokersCancerImmunosuppressed patientsSurgical patientsPeople with emergency admission

Question 7

What are the four P’s of infection prevention and control?

Answer 7

PlacePatientPathogenPractice

Question 8

Define place as part of infection prevention and control

Answer 8

Where are you delivering the healthcare?- no. of beds- no. of people on the ward

Question 9

Define pathogen as part infection prevention and control - what do you need to take into account?

Answer 9

Virulence factorsEcological interactions (other bacteria, antibiotics and disinfectants)

Question 10

Define practice as a part of infections prevention and control - what strategies are implemented?

Answer 10

General and specific activities of healthcare workers- hand washing etcPolicies Leadership at all levels

Question 11

Define patient as a part of infection prevention and control

Answer 11

General factors e.g. age, sexSpecific factors e.g. other co-morbiditiesInteractions with other patients and workers

Question 12

Give some examples of general pateint interventions to minimise healthcare infections

Answer 12

Optimise patients healthe.g. stop smoking, improve diet, control diabetesAmtimicrobial prophylaxisSkin preparation (disinfectant applied to surrounding areas)

Question 13

Give some examples of specific patient interventions to minimise healthcare infections

Answer 13

MRSA screeningMRSA screen scansDisinfectant body wash

Question 14

How can you prevent patient to patient transmission?

Answer 14

Isolate infected patientsGive susceptible patients prophylactic antibiotics

Question 15

What must healthcare workers ensure?

Answer 15

They are healthyHave good practicee.g. hand hygiene, antimicrobial training, good clinical techniques, are as fully vaccinated as possiblePersonal Protective Equipmente.g. gloves, goggles, gown

Question 16

What are some environmental interventions?

Answer 16

Disinfect floor and areaSteam cleaningHydrogen peroxide vapour(need to clean away spores)

Question 17

What are some factors of medical devices that help prevent healthcare infections?

Answer 17

Single use devicesSterilisation of equipmentDecontamination

Question 18

What are positive pressure rooms?

Answer 18

Pressure inside the room is greater than that of the pressure outside the room, so when there is an opening into the room, the air will flow out which prevents microorganisms from entering the room.

Question 19

What is a special characteristic of operating theatres?

Answer 19

Filtered air is used to prevent microorganisms from entering wound. Sterilised equipmentPPE