deck_1619335 Flashcards
What is the kidney surrounded by?
• Renal capsule • Perinephric fat • Renal fascia
What are the two main layers of the kidney?
• Renal cortex • Renal Medulla
Describe the sequential structure of the nephron
• Renal corpuscle • Proxima convoluted tubule • Loop of Henle • Distal convoluted tubule
What is the renal corpuscle made up of?
• Vascular pole - Afferent/efferent arterioles, glomerulus • Urinary pole - Bowman’s capsule
What structures make up the collecting system of the urinary system?
• Ureter • Bladder • Urethra
Name the two main structures found in the renal cortex
• Renal corpuscles • Proximal convoluted tubules
Name the two structures which make up the renal corpuscle
• Bowman’s capsule • Glomerulus
In embryological terms, where is the primitive renal tubule derived from?
• The ureteric bud
What does the primordium of the true kidney eventually envelop?
Glomerulus
What is meant when we say that the glomerulus has a vascular pole
• Afferent and efferent arterioles
What is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle?
• Bowman’s capsule
What is the function of bowman’s capsule?
• To produce ultrafiltrate of plasma
Outline the cellular structure of bowman’s capsule’s parietal and visceral layers
• Simple squamous epithelium
What is the filtration barrier of bowman’s capsule produced by?
• Capillary endothelium and visceral layer of bowman’s capsule
What is a podocyte?
• Modified epithelium which allow ultrafiltration
How is the parietal layer of bowman’s capsule adapted to collect ultrefiltrate
• Forms a funnel to collect the ultrafiltrate which drains into the proximal convuluted tubule at the urinary pole
What type of capillary endothelium exists in the bowman’s capsule
• Fenestrated
What does the investment of podocytes around capillary endothelium allow the formation of?
• Filtration slits, spaces between the podocyte processes (feet) • Very leaky!
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
• Longest, most convoluted section of the tubule • Point at which reabsorption begins
What is the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule?
• Simple cuboidal epithelium with pronounced brush border
What are the four parts of the loop of henle?
• Pars recta • Thin descending limb • Thin ascending limb • Thick ascending limb
How are the parts of the loop of henle described?
• Basis of appearance/epithelial lining
Describe the route of the thin limb of the loop of henle
• Dips down into the medulla
Describe the cell type and what exactly occurs functionally in the thin descending part of the loop of henle
• Simple squamous epithelium ○ No active transport ○ Looks a lot like a small capillary but there are no red blood cells ○ No brush border
What is the cell type and what occurs functional in the thick ascending part of the loop of henle?
• Simple cuboidal epithelium • Active transport
Where is the distal convoluted tubule found?
• Cortex, makes contact with its parent glomerulus
How does the epithelial lining of the thick ascending limb compare to the proximal convoluted tubule?
• No brush border • Simple cuboidal
How does the DCT compare to the PCT?
• No brush border • Larger lumen
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?
• The macula densa of distal convoluted tubule • The juxtaglomerular cells of afferent arteriole of glomerulus • Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
What is the collecting duct a continuation of?
• Distal convoluted tubule
Where is the collecting duct found?
Cortical
What is the collecting duct similar in appearance to?
• Loop of henle
How does the collecting duct differ from the loop of henle?
• Lumen is larger and tends to be more irregular than circular
How do collection ducts for the renal pyramid empty?
• Into the renal papilla
Describe the smooth muscles of the ureter?
• Two layers for the first 2/3, 3 for the lower 1/3
What is the ureter lined by?
• Transitional epithelium
How many layers of muscle in the bladder?
• 3 layers
What is the epithelium of the bladder?
• Transitional
What is urothelium?
• Stratified epithelium on the surface of the transitional epithelium of the bladder which increase in size on expansion and ensure epithelium is impermeable
