Deck C Flashcards
Autonomic dysreflexia aka hyperreflexia
Who does it happen to?
Symptoms
Major causes
Treatment until medical help arrives
People with spinal cord injuries in upper back
High blood pressure, low heart beats, Pounding Headache,
Fullness or blockage of bowels / bladder. Plus many other “small problems”
Sit up, pee, take off tight clothing
hypertensive crisis isa sudden, severe increase in blood pressure. The blood pressure reading is _______ millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or greater. A hypertensive crisis is a medical emergency. It can lead to a heart attack, stroke or other life-threatening health problems.Aug 3, 2022
180 / 120
bladder distention
urinary retention in the bladder due to its incapacity to void normally.
The first priority for the patient with an SCI (Spinal Cord Injury) is…
assessing respiratory patterns and ensuring an adequate airway
_______ is a rare disorder in which a person’s own immune system damages their nerve cells, causing muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
seven ______ vertebrae (C1–C7), 12 ______ vertebrae (T1–T12), and five _____ vertebrae (L1–L5).
cervical, thoracic, lumbar
Spinal cord ________ refers toa tear within the spinal cord as a result of a significant traumatic injury. The degree of neurological compromise corresponds with the degree of cord damage.
Transection
lassitude
A state of physical or mental lack of energy
The priority interventions for the patient with GBS are aimed at…
maintaining adequate respiratory function.
_______ isan unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch.
Dysesthesia
Its etymology comes from the Greek word “dys,” meaning “bad,” and “aesthesis,” which means “sensation” (abnormal sensation). It often presents as pain but may also present as an inappropriate, but not discomforting, sensation.
Ptosis
Drooping of one or both eyelids
Diplopia
Double vision
The word is simply the sum of the combining forms dipl- (meaning “double”) and -opia (meaning “vision”).
more than half of people who develop __________ , their first signs and symptoms involve eye problems, such as:
Drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis)
Double vision (diplopia),
myasthenia gravis
weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control.
Breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.
Symptoms include weakness in the arm and leg muscles, double vision, and difficulties with speech and chewing.
In _________, your immune system produces antibodies that block or destroy many of your muscles’ receptor sites for a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (as-uh-teel-KOH-leen). With fewer receptor sites available, your muscles receive fewer nerve signals, resulting in weakness.
myasthenia gravis
Activase (____) is indicated for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Exclude intracranial hemorrhage as the primary cause of stroke signs and symptoms, prior to initiation of treatment. Initiate treatment as soon as possible but within 3 hours after symptom onset.
Its a Clot Buster
(alteplase)
______ is caused bysudden bleeding from a blood vessel inside the brain or in the spaces around the brain. Sudden bleeding may result from: Head injuries. Cerebral aneurysm.
Hemorrhagic stroke
______ represents ventricular filling, and _____ represents ventricular contraction/ejection
Diastole / Systole
CAD stands for
coronary artery disease
_______(DM) is a disease of inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. It has many subclassifications, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and steroid-induced diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus
_________(MI)
This is the technical term for a heart attack. The word myocardial refers to the heart muscle or ‘myocardium’. Infarction refers to a blockage in blood supply.
Myocardial infarction
(CABG), also called heart bypass surgery, is a medical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart. It may be needed when the arteries supplying blood to the heart, called coronary arteries, are narrowed or blocked.
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Myocardial infarction is commonly a result of ______ (this disease)
CAD coronary artery disease
The ______ has been defined asa distinct layer of connective tissue covering the lipid core of an atherosclerotic plaque, and consists purely of smooth muscle cells in a collagenous-proteoglycan matrix, with varying degrees of infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes [
Fiberous cap
stenosis
Narrowing
Cholesterol levels above ____ mg/dl are considered excessive.
200
the first priority care for a client exhibiting signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease?
Enhance myocardial oxygenation
Sublingual nitroglycerin is administered to treat ….
Acute angina
Cardiac catheterization isn’t a treatment but a diagnostic tool. Cardiac catheterization (cardiac cath or heart cath) is….
is a procedure to examine how well the heart is working. A thin, hollow tube called a catheter is inserted into a large blood vessel that leads to the heart.
What is the landmark for the apical pulse
Left fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line
Distended
swollendue to pressure from inside;bloated.
The left second intercostal space in the midclavicular line is where the ______ sounds are auscultated.
pulmonic
Etiology
the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition.
“a group of distinct diseases with different etiologies”
Elucidate
make (something) clear; explain.
Troponin I levels rise rapidly and are detectable within 1 hour of …
myocardial injury
Coronary artery thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery, leading to myocardial death.
______ occurs when a coronary artery is so severely blocked that there is a significant reduction or break in the blood supply, causing damage or death to a portion of the myocardium (heart muscle)
Myocardial infarction
ballooning and weakened area in an artery.
Aneurysm
Vascular disease (______) affects the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients throughout your body and remove waste from your tissues.
(vasculopathy)
Fibrosis
formation of fibrous tissues.
Lactate dehydrogenase test is used for….
An LDH test is most often used to: Find out if you have tissue damage. Monitor disorders that cause tissue damage. These include anemia, liver disease, lung disease, and some types of infections. Monitor chemotherapy for certain types cancer.
This test measures the amount of an enzyme called creatine kinase (CK) in your blood. CK is a type of protein. The muscle cells in your body need CK to function. Levels of CK can rise after a heart attack, skeletal muscle injury, or strenuous exercise.
In a healthy adult, the serum CK level varies with a number of factors (gender, race and activity), but normal range is ______ (units per liter)1. Higher amounts of serum CK can indicate muscle damage due to chronic disease or acute muscle injury.
22 to 198 U/L
Digoxin is used to treat….
heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). It helps the heart work better and it helps control your heart rate.
The ______ sound is the initial clue suggesting left heart failure and is associated with severe mitral regurgitation, a low ejection fraction, restrictive diastolic filling, functionally severe heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality
Third heart sound
Systemic hypertension can result in a ______ heart sound. This sound is a low-pitched sound coincident with late diastolic filling of the ventricle due to atrial contraction.
Fourth
Aortic valve malfunction is heard as a _______. One in three elderly people suffer from this due to the scarring, thickening, or stiffening of their aortic valve.
Murmur
The __________ is responsible for the most cardiac output. An anterior wall MI may result in a decrease in _______ function. When it doesn’t function properly, resulting in _______ heart failure, fluid accumulates in the interstitial and alveolar spaces in the lungs and causes crackles.
Left ventricle, left ventricle, left-sided
Pulmonic valve malfunction may cause ______ heart failure. Pulmonary regurgitation (PR, also called pulmonic regurgitation) is a leaky pulmonary valve.
Right sided
The _______ is the quickest, most accurate, and most widely used tool to determine the location of myocardial infarction.
Electrocardiogram
________ is an invasive study for determining coronary artery disease and may also indicate the location of myocardial damage, but the study may not be performed immediately.
Cardiac catheterization
An _______ is used most widely to view myocardial wall function after an MI has been diagnosed.
echocardiogram
In medical contexts, the term “________” often refers tobasic measures of cardiovascular function, such as arterial pressure or cardiac output.
“hemodynamics”
This medication remains the first-line treatment for angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction
Nitroglycerin
_____ work by blocking _____ receptors in the myocardium, reducing the response to catecholamines and sympathetic nerve stimulation. They protect the myocardium, helping to reduce the risk of another infarction by decreasing the workload of the heart and decreasing myocardial oxygen demand.
Beta-adrenergic blockers, beta
Calcium channel blockers reduce the workload of the heart by_____
decreasing the heart rate.
______, caused by oxygen deprivation to the myocardium, is the most common complication of an MI.
Arrhythmia
In most cases, a lack of oxygen to your heart, usually from a heart attack, damages its main pumping chamber (left ventricle). Without oxygen-rich blood flowing to that area of your heart, the heart muscle can weaken and go into ______
______is a life-threatening condition in which your heart suddenly can’t pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. The condition is most often caused by a severe heart attack.
cardiogenic shock.
Elevated venous pressure, exhibited as jugular vein distention, indicates a failure of….
The heart to pump
Pneumothorax
A collapsed lung.
This condition occurs when air leaks into the space between the lungs and chest wall. A blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or lung disease can cause a pneumothorax.
_________ isa condition that prevents blood and oxygen from getting to your organs. You need immediate treatment of the problem that caused this emergency, such as a blood clot or collapsed lung. Survival rates for this rare type of shock are better than survival rates for more common types of shock.
Obstructive shock
The ____ pulse is the most accurate point in the body
apical
The _____ pulse can be affected by cardiac and vascular disease and therefore, won’t always accurately depict the heart rate.
radial
One of the most common signs of _____ toxicity is the visual disturbance known as the green halo sign.
digoxin
Crackles in the lungs are a classic sign of ______ heart failure. These sounds are caused by fluid backing up into the pulmonary system
left-sided
Hepatomegaly
enlarged liver can have causes that aren’t due to underlying disease. Examples include normal anatomical variation (Riedel’s lobe).
Hepatomegaly is prominent with chronic _____ heart failure.
right-sided
anasarca
Generalized swelling throughout the body
_____ agents are administered to increase the force of the heart’s contractions, thereby increasing ventricular contractility and ultimately increasing cardiac output.
Positive Inotropic
(Negative inotropic decrease heart contractions)
_______ work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. They cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers blood
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers ( increase/ decrease ) the heart rate and ultimately ( increase/ decrease ) the workload of the heart.
Decrease/ Decrease
____ is an X-ray of the arteries and veins, used to detect blockage or narrowing of the vessels. This procedure involves inserting a thin, flexible tube into an artery in the leg and injecting a contrast dye. The contrast dye makes the arteries and veins visible on the X-ray
An angiogram, also known as an arteriogram
Which blood vessel layers may be damaged in a client with an aneurysm?
Media
Chronic hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.
______ is a group of rare diseases that more often affects women. It commonly occurs between the ages of 30 and 50.
Systemic version is a serious condition with a 3 - 15 yr prognosis
Localized version carries a good prognosis and normal lifespan.
Scleroderma
Phenytoin
Brand name: Dilantin
Used to treat…
Clonic-Tonic aka grand mal
Psychomotor aka temporal lobe Seizures
Both during and after brain surgery
weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control.
The condition is caused by a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.
Symptoms include weakness in the arm and leg muscles, double vision, and difficulties with speech and chewing.
Name this disease
Medications / Therapy
Myasthenia gravis
Medications
Cholinesterase inhibitors (drugs that prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine)
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonal) improve communication between nerves and muscles. (SE Gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, nausea, excessive salivation and sweating.)
Corticosteroids. Corticosteroids Prednisone (Rayos) block the immune system, making it less able to produce antibodies.
(Long-term use: Bone thinning, weight gain, diabetes and higher risk infections)
Immunosuppressants.Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran), mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept), cyclosporine
Plasmapheresis (plaz-muh-fuh-REE-sis). This procedure uses a filtering process that’s like dialysis. Removes the antibodies that block transmission of signals from your nerve endings to your muscles.
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). This therapy provides your body with typical antibodies, which alters your immune system response. Benefits are usually seen in less than a week and can last 3 to 6 weeks.
