Debate

Question 1

What is this debate?

Answer 1

The ethics on neuroscience

Question 2

What is neuroscience?

Answer 2

the study and the body (nervous system) from functions

Question 3

What topics did we choice?

Answer 3

Treatment of criminal behaviour
Enhancing neurological functions
Potential to cure diseases

Question 4

Treatment of criminal behaviour, who are our evidence?

Answer 4

Cherek et al
The guardian- electrical brain stimulation may help violent crime in future

Question 5

For Treatment of criminal behaviour- Cherek et al?

Answer 5

Investigated levels of impulsivity and aggression in males with a history of conduct and disorder
Half given placebo for 21 days compared to others given SSRS
Those receiving antidepressants paroxetine showed significant decrease in impulsive responses and their aggression levels declined
Showing pharmacological treatment can make society safer

Question 6

For Treatment of criminal behaviour- The guardian

Answer 6

Researchers in the uni of Pennsylvania explored brain stimulation to commit crime after noting prefrontal cortex can cause violent acts
had 86 healthy students and gave them 20 minutes of brain stimulation before making them read senario of physical and sexaul assauly and then asked them how likely it was for them to be protagonist
-People who had their brain zapped had likely expressed likelihood of carrying out attacks was 47% and 70% lower than w/o brain stimulation

Question 7

For Treatment of criminal behaviour- SEEW paragraph?

Answer 7

S- Treating criminal behaviour is good as it can cause rehabilitation
E- This is when we use brain scans to see who has a criminal brain, if it stems from this controlling them may be easier
E- Cherek et al and guardian
SI- keeping society safer
W- therefore ethical as benefits society

Question 8

Against treatment of criminal behaviour- who are our evidence?

Answer 8

Martha farah
Raine et al
Jay Giedd

Question 9

Against treatment of criminal behaviour- Martha Farah?

Answer 9

If we use neurological interventions in court it signals deniele or individual freedom
Denying rights for freedom to excerpt free will and their own thoughts which is unethical as prisoners are vulnerable individuals
Also charging with a sentencing can have a choice to medicate instead leading an ethical issue about cohesion depending on if criminals have a choice of medication

Question 10

Against treatment of criminal behaviour- Raine et al?

Answer 10

Huge ethical and social implication as is it ethical to give someone medication or eve take them out of society due to brain function due to compulsory measure
Is its ethical to alter someone’s brain if they haven’t committed crime and even if the brain scan is misread

Question 11

Against treatment of criminal behaviour- Jay Giedd?

Answer 11

How can we use brain scans when in plenty of cases they can be misread
By saying someones a criminal because the brain is constantly changing
Sometimes people see overactivity in the brain and believe them to be danger even if this is caused by many things
a chair has 4 legs so does a dog, is it fair to say a dogs a chair?

Question 12

Against treatment of criminal behaviour- SEEW para?

Answer 12

S- Neuroscience is ultimately unethical, although it can have some great benefits to society it removes the natural free will of society
E- If we are biology reducing symptoms criminal is personally affected by procedure, is it ethical to get rid of free will
E- Jay Giedd, Raine et al and Farrah
SI- An effect on economy by spending to much on brain scans and surgerys that are only precautionary can be expensive
Money can be spent on other things
W- Overall its unethical and dangerous

Question 13

For potential to cure diseases, evidence?

Answer 13

Mayberg et al
Cleveland clinic

Question 14

For potential to cure diseases, Mayberg et al?

Answer 14

Neuroscience helped us develop extremely effective treatments for OCD parkinson and depression
SSRIS (Prozac) have given us the ability to show us depression levels are effecter by serotonin levels
As they are effective they ultimately ethical as they are beneficial the population
-Deep Brain Simulation is used to treat disorders, gives us better surgical technique
4/6 with sever depression had symptoms dramatical reduced wafter DBS

Question 15

For potential to cure diseases, Cleveland clinic?

Answer 15

Found benefits of GABA was that it prevents diseases such as high bp insomnia and diabetes

Question 16

For potential to cure diseases, SEEW?

Answer 16

S- Neurotransmitters provide us a great help to disease and mental health issues deeming us unethical
E- This is because it can increase difference hormones balancing them is good for dementia preventing issues and treating causes
E- Mayberg et al and Cleveland clinic
SI-bLess suffering in society and a better place, although could be a strain on society as its expensive
W- Therefore efficient and ethical as they are used to benefit society

Question 17

Against potential to cure diseases, examples?

Answer 17

Ferguson et al
Kendra Cherry

Question 18

Against potential to cure diseases, Ferguson et al?

Answer 18

Treatments can cause psychological harm due to side effects like memory less/speech impediment/aggression and risk of suicide
-DBS can cause other complication including brain bleeds
-Looked at a range of studies involving antidepressant and concluded people were 2x more likely to attempt suicide compared to those given placebo, findings show side effects of treatment which may be worse than original disorder

Question 19

Against potential to cure diseases, Kendra Charry very well mind?

Answer 19

Neurons might no manufacture enough of a particular neurotransmitter as they be reabsorbed to quickly
Too many neurotransmitter may be deactivated by enzymes too much of a particular neurotransmitter may be released

Question 20

Against potential to cure diseases, SEEW?

Answer 20

S- Although they can be effective in curing diseases they can have extremely harmful side effects
E- Although their are many benefits on order to cause disease the harmful side effects may cause more harm
E- Furgeous et al
Kendra Charry very well mind
SI- Strain on healthcare if existing conditions are worsened by medication
W- Therefore unethical as no protection from harm and ps cant withdraw

Question 21

For enhancing neurological functions, examples?

Answer 21

Kadosh et al

Question 22

For enhancing neurological functions, Kadosh et al?

Answer 22

Improves the ability individuals
Trahscrial direct current stimulations (TDCS) involves passing a small electrical current across part of the brain through electrodes on the scalp to enhance performance
-Found TDCS led to an improving of problem solving mathematically, langage, memory and attention capability
Useful during exams

Question 23

For enhancing neurological functions, SEEW?

Answer 23

S- Ethical as it can be used for more positive purposes like enhancing neurological functions
E- Neuro science can be used in schools to improve ability’s of individuals, TDCA involves passing electrical current through the brain via electrodes on the scalp to enhance skills
E- Kaddesh et al
SI- Benefists society and education, larger and more skilled workforce
W- Ultimately beneficial

Question 24

Against enhancing neurological functions, example?

Answer 24

Cohen Kadosh et al

Question 25

Against enhancing neurological functions, Cohen Kadosh et al?

Answer 25

Ethical issues with TDCS as no licencing rules and precautions with practitioners meaning underqualified individuals are administering treatment which is Highley unethical and can cause a lot of harm
Although its cheep the apparatus isn’t available to everyone so is it fair only one group can benefit from them

Question 26

Against enhancing neurological functions, SEEW?

Answer 26

S- NS is unethical because modifying performance can have negative consequences
E- Can be used for good but negatives outweigh the positives
E- Kaddesh et al
SI- If procedure goes wrong it can cause physical harm meaning further pressure on NHS
Strain on healthcare and negative societal impact
W- Therefore unethical

Question 27

Introduction?

Answer 27

Throughout psychology there’s a debate weathers neuroscience is appropriate and an ethical way to benefit our society
(Explain neuroscience)
Therefore….

Question 28

Conclusion?

Answer 28

Ultimately the evidence points toward the conclusion that neuroscience is a ethical way in order to treat society
Although there are negatives within neuroscience like side effect
The positives outweigh the negatives