ddt 24

Question 1

disease causing organisms are referred to as

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

pathogens include:

Answer 2

• viruses
• bacteria
• prions
• protozoa
• metoza

Question 3

misfiled proteins that can transmit its misfiled shape into normal variants of the same protein is

Answer 3

prions

Question 4

single celled eukaryotes and are either free living or parasitic as trypanosoma brucei for sleeping sickness and trynososma Curzi for chagas disease are —

Answer 4

Protozoa

Question 5

multicellular eukaryotes in biological kingdoms animi ad schistosomes - parastato flatworms

Answer 5

metoza

Question 6

— are generally specialised for a particular method of transmission and the route of transmission is important to
epidemiologists as its shapes different responses and preventives measures

Answer 6

infectious agents

Question 7

—- described the ability for an organism yo enter , survive , and multiply in a host

Answer 7

infectivity

Question 8

—- of a disease agent indicates the cooperative ease with which its transmitted to another host

Answer 8

infectiousness

Question 9

—- infectious agents passed from person to person or person to animals and all of — are infectious

Answer 9

contagious

Question 10

— spread by an infectious agent but not from contact but from ——-

Answer 10

• infectious
  1- airborne transmission
  2- contact transmission ( direct or indirect )
  3- vehicle transmission ( water, milk,food)
  4- vector transmission
  5- reans placental transmission

Question 11

air borne transmissions is when a person w/ an infectious —- and the air will carry the infected droplet to healthy person and common symptoms are ——
sometimes while breathing we inhale dust particles that are infected

Answer 11

• cough , sneezes m breathes
• sine congestion , coughing , sore throat , inflammatory responses pf upper respiratory system

Question 12

disease that are spread by air like

Answer 12

• cold n coughs
• influenza ( flu )
• measles , small box , chicken box
• whooping cough
• diphethia
• tuberculosis
• corona virus

Question 13

Dirty hands are also responsible for carrying the germs of infectious diseases such as

Answer 13

Polio Myelitis.

Question 14

— refers to the personal contact from direct physical contact w an infected person and is contagious .
—- contact with contaminated surface or substance as focal oral and is most common in hospital and families and sport contact

Answer 14

• direct transmission
• indirect transmission

Question 15

vehicle-born transmission (inanimate objects) is included in

Answer 15

indirect transmission

Question 16

Touching an infected person during a physical examination is —

Answer 16

direct transmission

Question 17

direct and indirect transmission can lead to :

Answer 17

• ring worms
• small pox
• scabies
• impetigo
• scarlet fever
• covid 19

Question 18

—- describes transmission of the disease agent through contaminated water, ice, milk, food, serum, plasma or other biological products (passively carry the pathogen) which provides an enviornemnt that supports the growth or toxins as: (e.g., botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum in improperly tinned foods.)

Answer 18

• vehicle transmission

Question 19

— is most important vehicle of transmission in many areas of the world because it is used by every one - often ‘fecal-oral transmission’ or the ‘fecal-oral route’

Answer 19

water

Question 20

water borne transmission includes:

Answer 20

• cholera
• typhoid fever
• viral hepatitis
• e coli

Question 21

—- is an organism that does not cause the disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another.

Answer 21

-vector
- For example, arthropods or other invertebrate hosts, which transmit infection by inoculation into the skin or mucosa by biting or by deposit of infective material on the skin or on food or other objects.
Vectors are often required in the life cycles of pathogens- common strategy is to interrupt this life cycle by killing the vector or controlling its behaviour.

Question 22

vectors can transmit diseases by:

Answer 22

1- mechanical transmission which picks up the infectious agent outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner as house fly , dust particles diseases may include: (b) Dysentery,
(c) Enteric fever,
(d) Diphtheria,
(e) Scarlet fever,
(g) Tuberculosis
2- biological vector transmission usually but not exclusive to arthropods as ticks , lice and mosiqtous and they have 3 types:
1- propagative: the disease agent multiplies and increases in insect vectors as: plague bacillus in rat flea
2- cyclo-propogative: the parasite undergoes a cycle of development in the body of the insect host with multiplication as malaria parasite plasmodium
3- cycle-development: the parasite undergoes a cycle of dvelopement without multiplication as: filarial parasite in culled mosquito and guiena worm nematode in embryo

Question 23

plague bacilli is s a biological vector in —-

Answer 23

propagative

Question 24

malaria parasite is —

Answer 24

cyclo-propagtaive

Question 25

guinea worm is —-

Answer 25

cycle-developemtnal

Question 26

trans placental transmission are diseases carried from

Answer 26

• infected mother to foetus in the uterus during childbirth ( perinatal infection ) or during child parent contact postnatally
  as: Syphilis,
  Rubella (German Measles),
  Measles,
  Toxoplasmosis

Question 27

An infectious disease that is readily transmitted from person to person is considered a —

Answer 27

communicable disease these diseases can be transmitted from one person to another by direct ( as: physical contact , cough , sneeze ) or indirect methods ( intermediate mechanism as contaminated water or insect )

Question 28

if a small number of cases are continually present in the population in a geographical area —

Answer 28

endemic

Question 29

is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population in a short period of time —

Answer 29

epidemic
( Sometimes endemic disease can flare up and assume epidemic proportions. This can happen when host immunity to either an established or new pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in endemic equilibrium or if local conditions of transmission change (e.g. increased host vector populations or density).

Question 30

— is a disease epidemic that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents, or worldwide

Answer 30

pandamic

Question 31

true or false:
For a communicable disease to perpetuate itself there must be continuous transmission between individuals in the population (this can be by direct or indirect means
Thus in order to control or even eradicate the disease the chain of transmission must be broken.

Answer 31

true

Question 32

effective control methods measures of any disease requires —- and — or else they won’t be effective.

Answer 32

• knowing the cause of the disease
• knowing the method of transmission

Question 33

many diseases are controlled by —- once the life cycle of disease organism is known

Answer 33

• enviroemntal factors
  eg:
  Malaria - Mosquito control mechanisms
  Cholera - Water sanitation
  MRSA - Hand washing
  HIV, Herpes - Condoms
  COVID-19 - Social distancing, wearing face masks, hand washing
• In addition to medical (e.g. respirators) and drug intervention we must include;

Education - water quality and safety
Environmental engineering - Sanitation facilities and design
Food - hygiene and quality, could also link to malnutrition and disease
Climate - could link to global warming- e.g., movement of vectors beyond current ranges.

Enhancement of the ‘Quality of life’ for humanity

Question 34

not as important info ig

Answer 34

Miasma theory – ‘bad air’ – particles in air that arose from decomposing matter or dirty organic sources (Dr. William Farr, commissioner for the 1851 London Cenus and member of the General Register’s Office)
Germ theory – caused by a germ cell that had not yet been identified. (Louis Pasteur would not demonstrate this until 1861)