ddt 1

Question 1

— is anu disturbance in the structure or the function of the body

Answer 1

disease

Question 2

— condition develops and worsen over an extended period of time such as: athersolsclosis
— condition symptoms appear and change and worsen rapidly as heart attack

Answer 2

• chronic condition
• acute

Question 3

the five main types of diseases:

Answer 3

1- congenital and herdeity: developmental disturbances causes genetic abnormalities in chromosomes and number of distribution and interaction of genetic and environmental factors
2- inflammatory: body reacts through inflammatory processes as: bacteria and microbiologic agents causes sore throats , allergic reactions as hay fever , autoimmune diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes type 1 and unknown etiology
3- neoplastic : uncontrolled cell growth
4- metabolic: disturbances in metabolic process in the body as: Hyper- or hypothyroidism, fluid and electrolyte imbalance5- degenerative: tissue or organ degeneration as a result of aging or degeneration as:Osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis

Question 4

hemophilia is a —-
German measles is a —-

Answer 4

• heredity
• congenial

Question 5

lipoma is a — tumor
lung cancer is —-

Answer 5

benign , malignant

Question 6

the basis of the classification includes:

Answer 6

similarity in lesions and pathogenesis

Question 7

clinical history includes:

Answer 7

1- history of the current illness : Severity, time of onset, and character of patient’s symptoms
2- medical history: Details of general health and previous illnesses that may shed light on current problems
3- family history:Health of patient’s parents and family members; diseases that run in families
4- social history: Patient’s occupation, habits, alcohol and tobacco consumption, general health, current problems
5- review of the symptomsSymptoms other than disclosed in history of present illness, suggesting other parts of the body affected by disease

Question 7

— is the determination of the nature and cause of illness

Answer 7

diagnose which requires:
clinical history , physical examination and differential in diagnosis

Question 8

diagnostic tests include:

Answer 8

• screening tests for detection of disease and detect early asymptomatic disease by using pathological samples as: blood, cytological smear , urin , serum , plasma , faeces m biopsy , topical swabs , bronchiolar lavage

Question 9

diagnostic test:
clinical labaroy test which has the purpose of —- and it uses —

Answer 9

• determine the concentration of the subsnatcnes in the blood or urine frequently altered by the disease
• uses:
  Determine concentration or activity of
  enzymes in the blood
• Evaluate function of organs
• Monitor response of certain cancers to treatment
• Detect disease-producing organisms in urine, blood, faeces
• Determine response to antibiotics

Question 10

diagnostic test:
screening for genetic disease

Answer 10

To screen for carriers of some genetic diseases transmitted from parent to child as either dominant or recessive trait
– Identifying carriers allows affected persons to make decisions on future childbearing or management of current pregnancy
– Example: recessive gene for sickle cell anemia in 8% of Black population

Question 11

other diagnostic test like:

Answer 11

1-Testsofelectricalactivity:
* tomeasureelectricalimpulsesassociatedwith
bodily functions and activities
– ECG: measures serial changes in electrical activity of the
heart in various phases of the cardiac cycle
* Radioisotope(radionucleotide)studies:
* evaluate organ function by determining rate of uptake
and excretion of substances labeled with a radioisotope
* Uses:
– Anemia: radioisotope-labeled vitamin B12 – Hyperthyroidism: radioactive iodine

Question 12

– is used to examine interior of the body using rigid or flexible tubular instrument equipped with the lens and light source and is used to preform surest done through large abdominal incisions

Answer 12

• endoscopy
  Bronchoscope: trachea and major bronchi
• Cystoscope: bladder
• Laparoscope: abdomen

Question 13

diagnostic test:
ultrasound is used to

Answer 13

mapping echoes produces by high frequency sound waves transmitted into the body , echoes reflect change in the tissue density, producing an image

Question 14

—-use of high-energy radiation waves at lower doses to
produce images to help diagnose disease
– Can penetrate through tissues at varying degrees depending on tissue density
– Act on a photographic film or plate (roentgenogram) as the rays leave the body
—-appears white on film; high-density tissues such as bone absorb most of the rays
— appears dark on film; low-density tissues allow rays to pass through

Answer 14

• x rays
• radiopaque
  -radiolucent

Question 15

diagnostic test :
CT

Answer 15

Computed tomographic (CT) scans
– Principle:radiationdetectorsrecord amount of X-rays or ionizing radiation absorbed by body and feed data into a computer that reconstructs the data into an image
– Radiopaqueandradiolucenttissues appear white and dark as in a conventional x-ray
– Individualorganssharply demarcated by planes of fat that appear dark because of its low density
– Delivershigherdoseofionizing radiation than x-ray
* Uses of computed tomographic (CT) scans
– Cancerscreeningasymptomaticindividuals
– Detectabnormalitiesininternalorgansthatcannot otherwise be identified by standard x-ray

Question 16

diagnostic test :
MRI

Answer 16

Principle: computer-constructed images of body based on
response of hydrogen protons in water molecules when placed in a strong magnetic field
* Protons align in the direction of the magnetic field
* Protons are temporarily dislodged and wobble when
radiofrequency waves are directed at them
* Protons emit a measurable signal (resonance) that can
be used to construct images
* Intensity of resonance depends on water content of
tissues, strength and duration of radiofrequency pulse

Question 17

MRI: advantages over CT scan

Answer 17

Does not use ionizing radiation
– Can detect abnormalities in tissues surrounded by bone, such as spinal cord, orbit, skull
– Bone interferes with scanning because of its density but does not produce an image in MRI because of its low water content
* Uses
– Multiple sclerosis
– Superior to mammography in detecting breast cancer

Question 18

—-identifies abnormal cells in fluids or secretions; for recognizing early changes that may be associated with cervical and other cancers
—–tissue samples obtained for histologic examination to determine abnormal structural and cellular patterns accompanying disease. liver, kidney, bone marrow

Answer 18

1-Papanicolau (Pap) smear
2-Biopsy

Question 19

THERAPEUTICS
—–the branch that deals specifically with the treatment of disease and the art and science of healing
—–therapeutics accordingly refers to the use of drugs and the method of their administration in the treatment of disease
many drugs of drugs including:

Answer 19

1- in medicine
2- in pharmacology
3- Pain relief
* Adjustment of enzyme levels
* Replacement of natural protein
* Control of hormone levels

Question 20

chemotherapy:

Answer 20

Eliminates cells that divide frequently
* Cancer cells + rapidly dividing normal cells found in the:
– Mouth, skin, hair, bone marrow, digestive tract, kidneys, bladder
– Lungs, nervous system, reproductive system
* Normal cells recover quickly, side effects disappear gradually
* How soon the patient will feel better depends on overall health, types of anticancer drugs used
* E.g. Cisplatin, 5 fluorouracil
( Luxturna => retinal dystrophy
Zolgensma => young children with spinal muscular atrophy
Zynteglo => certain patients with b-thalassemia. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells => in treating certain cancers )