ddt 19 Flashcards
Aid patients have the elements of:
- AID: acquired immune diffecniency syndrome
- +ve test for HIV/AIDS
- immune compromised status ( low t. cells count )
- presence of opportunistic infection or AIDS related cancer
Infections that develop as a result of damage to the immune system are called —
opportunistic infection as they take advantage from weakened immune system and they appear to be at predictable staged of immune deterioration
—- is a glycoprotein found in the surface of immune cells such as:
- CD4
- helper T cells, macrophages , monocytes , and dentertic cells
CD4 are type of —- cells and the other name is —-
they are made in the —- which are part of the lymph or infection fighting system
CD4 cells move throughout the body and help to —- germs such as bacteria and viruses
- white blood cells
- helper t-cells
- spleen, lymph nodes , and thymus gland
- identifies and destroys
the —- measures the number of CD4 cells in the sample of your — drawn by a needle from a vein in your arm
CD4 count , blood
The function of the CD4 count is to:
- helps to tell you how strong your immune system is
- indicates the stages of your HIV disease
- guides treatment , predicts how your disease may progress
keeping you CD4 count — can reduce the complication of HIV disease and — you life
HIV disease progress if the CD4 count is going —
- high , extend
- down which means your immune system is getting weaker .
the CD4 count is the number of cells in — of the blood , normal CD4 count is from —- and its important to pay attention to —
- cubic millimetre
- 500-1,500 cubic millimeter
- pattern
HIV destroys the families of — by which these families were designed to fight , which is when — is most likely to develop
- CD4
- opputtunistic infections ( IV AIDS develops when the CD4 count is less than 200 which may cause: Kaposi sarcoma )
AIDS defining cancers include:
AIDS defining bacteria and fungal infections include:
Cancers:
1- Kaposi sarcoma from HHV8 and KSV
2- cervical carcoma from HPV type
3- non-hodgkin lymphoma
Infections:
1- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2-Streptococcus pneumoniae
3-Treponema pallidum
4-Candida albicans
mycoplasma pneumonia:
mycoplasma species are the —- organisms
they are pleomorphic organisms which means ———
they are also — which lacks cell wall and any gram stains and lack of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents
important: they are usually associated with mucosal surfaces , residing extracellular in the Respiratory and urigental tracts
- smallest free living from 150-250nm
- lack cells walls unlike bacteria and unlike viruses they don’t need a host cell for replication
- prokaryotes
Epidemiology:
mycoplasma pneumonia is transmitted by person-to-person by —–
the incubation period after exposure averages –
infections are most frequently during – but may develop all year around
Pathogenesis:
M.penumonia is a — which activates — and stimulates — production and — activation which attracts inflammatory cells and induces a — such as:
the —- contributes to the pathogenesis
- respiratory droplets during close contact
- 3 weeks
- fall and winter
- superantigen
- macrophages , cytokines , lymphocytes
- cytokine secretions such as: IL-2 , IL-6, TNF which is tumor necrosis factor
- host factors
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE is of the Streptococcaceae family.
its gram — and is — shaped often arranged in pairs which is also known as —- or can be present in — chains
there are around — stereotypes and its —- which is the distinguishing trait of the pneumococcus and is the major virulent factor.
culture grows on — where it forms round facultative anaerobic colonies surrounded by α-hemolysis.
- +ve
- oval/lancet , diplococcus
- short chains
- 90
- surface capsule
- blood agar
the mode of transmission of s.penunomia :
and infection is highest in people under — and over — and people with —–
incubation period is: —
communicability: transmitted between humans — via —-
1 Infectious cells can be disseminated via microaerosol droplets created by coughing or sneezing, or person-person oral contact.
Transmission is common, but infection is infrequent as healthy individuals carry S. pneumoniae in the nasopharyngeal region without any presence of infection.
2- under 2 and over 60 , people w/ diabetes mellitus , alcoholism , chronic renal disease or asplenia
3- 1-3 days but is not well determined as its present in nasopharynx of healthy ppl .
40 aerosol pathway via coughing or sneezing
—are helically coiled, corkscrew-shaped cells, 6 to 15 μm
long and 0.1 to 0.2 μm wide a spirochaete
They have an —- which surrounds the periplasmic flagella, a peptidoglycan-cytoplasmic membrane complex, and a protoplasmic cylinder
multiplication is by —–
a very frail organism that’s can’t survive – the body and is crippled by simple ——
- treponema’s ( treponema pallidum - syphilis )
- outer memebrane
- transever binary fission
- outside the body
- simple physical and chemical elements as soap , heat and water
pathogensis of treponema:
they are highly —- pathogens and disseminate relatively soon after inoculation.
Evasion of host immune responses appears to be, at least in part, due to the unique structure of the treponemal outer membrane
(i.e., its extremely low content of surface-exposed proteins)
- even though they lack —- they posses abundant —- which induces inflammatory process
- highly invasive
- lipopolysaccride ( endotoxin)
- lipoprotein
— are the only source of treponema infection and the primary method of transmission is during —-
they have – stages but most are
- humans
- direct contact of vulnerable mucos membere during sex
- 4 stages of syphilis , 3 stages
—- the infection is usually seen as individual sores in adults around the genitals.
primary syphilis
— the disease shows no symptoms but the organism continues to reproduce
latent syphilis which is also known as hidden syphilis
the infection presents itself as a general rash all over the body (mostly on the hands and feet).
secondary syphilis
