DB Paramedic Cards Flashcards
A&P review
1
Q
What is an Immunoglobulin?
A
It is also known as an antibody. It is a large Y-protein produced by B cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses
2
Q
What is significant about IGG?
A
IGG is the most common immunoglobulin and accounts for 80-85% of the immunoglobulins in the body.
3
Q
Where is IGA1 found?
A
IGA1 is found in the blood
4
Q
Where is IGA2 found?
A
IGA2 is found in body secretions
5
Q
Where is IGD found?
A
IGD is found on B lymphocytes
6
Q
What immunoglobulin is responsible for allergic reactions?
A
IGE
7
Q
What is the largest immunoglobulin?
A
IGM
8
Q
What are the types of cells and their functions?
A
Muscle Cells (movement) Nervous cells (conductivity) Kidney and Intestinal cells (Metabolic absorption) Mucous Gland (secretion) All cells (respiratory) All cells (Secretion) Most cells (reproduction)
9
Q
What is the most rapid acting mechanism in the Renal buffering system?
A
Acid-Bicarbonate buffering system
10
Q
What is H2CO3?
A
Carbonic acid
11
Q
What is the Carbonic Anhydrase formula?
A
H+HCO3H2CO3H20+CO2
12
Q
What happens in protein buffering?
A
Hydrogen and CO2 attaches to the hemoglobin of the red blood cell. The hemoglobin travels to the lung tissue where hydrogen binds together with a bicarbonate to create carbonic acid which quickly diffuses into CO2 and H2O. The lungs then eliminate the excess carbon dioxide through exhalation.
13
Q
When does renal buffering happen and how does it work?
A
Renal buffering is the slowest method. If the body is too acidic it will increase the amount of hydrogen eliminated in the urine and recover bicarbonate. If not enough hydrogen is present it will retain hydrogen and eliminate bicarbonate.
14
Q
What are some ways Metabolic acidosis can occur?
A
lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, and renal failure. A loss of base can be caused by diarrhea or vomiting. loss of base occurs and acids stay normal shortly.
15
Q
What is a way metabolic Alkalosis can occur?
A
Prolonged diarrhea and vomiting but is very uncommon.
16
Q
What is HCO3?
A
Bicarbonate
17
Q
What does PH stand for?
A
Power of Hydrogen
18
Q
Anything that increases Hydrogen levels or decreases bicarbonate levels causes what?
A
Acidosis
19
Q
Anything that decreases Hydrogen levels or increases bicarbonate levels causes what?
A
Alkalosis
20
Q
What does 7 represent on the ph scale?
A
neutrality
21
Q
What is the normal Ph in the human body?
A
7.35-7.45
22
Q
Hemophilia is what?
A
the inability for blood to clot
23
Q
What is an Ion?
A
an electrically charged molecule
24
Q
What is a cation?
A
a positively charged molecule
25
What is an anion?
a negatively charged molecule
26
What is the chief extracellular cation?
Sodium
27
What is the major anion?
Chloride
28
Renin-angiotensin system does what?
In response to renal blood flow it produces angiotensin 1 in the blood which produces angiotensin 2 in the lungs which causes the release of aldosterone and vascular constriction. It also makes ADH which is an antidiuretic. ADH stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water which returns normal blood flow to the kidneys.
29
What is Dehydration?
Dehydration is a state in which the body loses large amounts of fluid from the tissues.
30
What is GH or Growth hormone?
Somatropin
31
What is TSH or Thyroid stimulating hormone?
Thyrotropin
32
What is ACTH or Adrenocorticotropic hormone?
corticosteroids
33
What is LH or Luteinizing hormone?
reproductive hormones
34
What is FSH or follicle stimulating hormone?
reproductive hormones
35
What are T3 & T4 hormones?
Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine T3 and Tetraidothyronine T4 pituitary lobe
36
What is testosterone?
Androgen produced by the testes
37
What is Estrogen?
Estrogen and progesterone and human gonadotropin is produced by the ovaries
38
Cortisol does what?
Adrenal cortex releases this during periods of stress which also stimulates the release of ACTH
39
Where is Epinephrine produced and what is it responsible for?
It is produced in the adrenal glands and responsible for flight or fight response from the sympathetic system. Also called adrenaline.
40
What does Aldosterone do?
This regulates water and sodium in the body.
41
What does ADH do?
it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure.
42
Where is insulin produced?
Insulin is produced by the pancreas which controls metabolism and sugar.
43
Where is Glucagon produced?
Glucagon is produced in the pancreas
44
Where is Oxytocin produced and what is it responsible for?
This is produced in the pituitary gland and is responsible for smooth muscle contraction in the uterus for pregnant women and milk to be released in the mammary glands.
45
What is Thyroxin responsible for and where is it produced?
It is responsible for metabolism primarily and is produced in the thyroid.
46
What is MODS
MODS is multi organ dysfunction syndrome which is a progressive impairment of two or more organ systems. This is usually a response to uncontrolled inflammation from severe illness or injury such as sepsis, trauma, or burns. The most common cause is sepsis and is estimated to be associated with 60-90% mortality rate.
47
What is Isotonic?
When the body maintains an equal solute concentration and therefore osmolality on each side of the membrane.
48
What is hypertonic?
When an imbalance of solutes exists from one side of the membrane to the other. The side with the higher concentration is hypertonic.
49
What is hypotonic?
When an imbalance of solutes exists from one side of the membrane to the other. The side with the lower concentration is hyportonic.
50
What is osmotic gradient?
The difference in concentration from one side to the other.
51
What 3 components are considered when talking about wellness?
Physical, Emotional, and Mental
52
What are primarily found in plant foods commonly referred to as starches and sugars?
Carbohydrates
53
Why are polyunsaturated fats good for the body?
They are said to reduce cholesterol
54
What kind of fats are healthy vegetable oils called?
Monosaturated fats
55
What unsaturated fats are unhealthy?
Trans Fats
56
What are often called the building blocks of life?
Protein
57
What percentage of water is the total body weight?
60%
58
How many servings of fruits and vegetables, protein, low fat dairy, and whole grains are needed to be considered a healthy diet?
5 servings of veggies, 5-6 ounces of protein, 3 cups of dairy, and 3 servings of whole grain.
59
Which type of exercise does not require joint movement?
Isometric
60
Which type of exercise involves joint movement with extension and flexion?
Isotonic
61
The amount of sleep considered to be a good amount of sleep is how many hours?
7-8 hours
62
What is a daily rhythmic activity cycle based on 24 hour intervals called?
The Circadian cycle
63
What health problems can obesity lead to?
cardiovascular disease, arthritis, certain cancers, hypertension, and diabetes.
64
Clothing or bunker gear appropriate when no respiratory or skin hazard is present but doesn't protect from WMD is what class?
Class D PPE
65
What class of PPE uses a respirator and is chemical resistant?
Class C
66
PPE that is chemical resistant fully encapsulated and uses SCBA is what class?
Class A
67
PPE that is chemical resistant with a hood and uses SCBA is what class?
Class B
68
Cleaning with an agent that should kill many of, or most surface organisms is what?
Disinfect
69
Cleaning that kills all micro organisms is referred to as what?
Sterilize
70
What are the three stages of stress?
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
71
What are the 5 stages of grief?
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance
72
When did hospice originate and come to the USA?
It originated in England in 1960 and came the the USA in 1963
73
When was the first pre-hospital service started?
In 1797 in Napoleons army by Larrey
74
When did ambulance service start in the USA?
1865 in Cincinnati and 1869 in NY
75
When did transport of the sick and injured become an expected service in the USA?
1950-1960
76
What act was passed with the findings of the white paper study and when was the act passed?
The highway safety act of 1966
77
What 2 agencies were created because of the highway safety act?
The DOT and the National Highway and traffic safety administration.
78
Who is responsible for the EMS system and its curriculum?
NHTSA
79
What is NREMT?
A national organization that measures the readiness of graduated students to provide effective patient care in the pre-hospital setting.
80
What is the term that refers to the enablement of EMS professionals to move from one state to another and receive credit for their previous credentialing?
Reciprocity
81
A predefined set of skills, interventions, or other activities that the paramedic is legally authorized to do is?
Scope of practice
82
When was the first national standard curriculum developed for EMT's?
1977
83
What is an external verification of competencies called?
Certification
84
Permission granted by the state to perform restricted activities is known as what?
Licensure
85
Permission by a specific EMS entity or medical director to practice in a certain setting is known as what?
Credentialing
86
What happens if your paramedic license expires?
Ability to practice is suspended
87
Following the standards of conduct and performance of a profession is known as what?
Professionalism
88
Expectations established by the community at large reflecting their views of the conduct of a profession are known as what?
Ethics
89
The single most important attribute a paramedic must possess is known as?
Integrity
90
Compassion without sharing the same feelings is what?
Empathy
91
As a paramedic we are the patients what?
Advocate
92
Written instructions that authorize EMS personnel to perform certain medical interventions before establishing communication with a physician is known as what?
Standing orders
93
Written guidelines that outline specific assessments and interventions is known as what?
Protocols
94
Guidelines for behavior and action are what?
Policies
95
What is myasthenia gravis?
An auto immune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal and cardiac muscle. MUSCLE WEAKNESS
96
Alpha 1 receptor does what?
primarily causes vasoconstriction and mild bronchoconsstriction
97
Alpha 2 receptor does what?
causes smooth muscle contraction, inhibition of insulin release, and promotes blood clotting.
98
Beta 1 receptors does what?
They are found in the heart and increases heart rate, cardiac contraction, and cardiac conduction
99
Beta 2 receptors does what?
These receptors are found in the lungs, where receptors cause bronchodilation.
100
What is the transverse plane of the body?
divides the body in top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves.
101
What is the sagittal plane of the body?
divides the body in left and right halves
102
What is the frontal plane of the body?
divides the body into front (anterior or ventral) and back (posterior or dorsal)
103
What are the 12 cranial nerves and what do they do?
Olfactory (Smell)
Optic (Sight)
Occulomotor (Eye movement)
Trochlear (Eye movement)
Trigemminal (Chewing food, sensation in face, scalp cornea teeth
Abducen (Eye movement)
Facial (Facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears, taste, blinking
Vestibulocochlear (Sense of hearing and balance)
Glossopharyngeal (Swallowing, secretion of saliva and tears, taste, gag reflex)
Vagus (Visceral muscle movement, digestive system, regulation of blood pressure
Accessory (Head and shoulder movement)
HypoGlossal (Speech and swallowing)
104
What are mast cells and what is their function?
They are large sacs of granules and play a very important role in the inflammatory response. They drop their granules (degranulation) which include histamine, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and eosinophil chemotactic factor.
105
What are the 9 main coronary vessels?
Sinoatrial nodal branch of the right coronary artery
Right coronary artery
Marginal branch of the right coronary artery
Posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
Left marginal branch of the circumflex branch
Anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery
Diagonal branch of the anterior interventricular branch
106
What is kinin and what is its function?
It is a plasma protein and bradykinin is the primary kinin. Bradykinin causes vasodilation, extravascular smooth muscle contraction, and increased permeability. It is a slower response than that of histamine but plays a role in prolonged phase of inflammation.
107
Iatrogenic is what?
It is an unintentional disease or drug effect produced by a physicians prescribed therapy; iatros means physician and genic means to produce
108
Oncotic pressure
The net effect of two osmotic pressure gradients. The osmotic pressure from the interstitial space (outside the capillaries) and the osmotic pressure from the proteins in the blood plasma (in the capillaries
109
What is the definition of anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure and organization.
110
What is the definition of physiology?
The study of how the body functions
111
What is the definition of the pathophysiology?
The study of the functional changes that occur with a particular syndrome or disease.
112
What is homeostasis?
the general stability in the internal environment of the body regardless of the external environment.
113
What is anatomic position?
the position of a person being examined who is standing erect with his or her feet and palms facing the examiner.
114
What is supine?
A patient lying on his or her back face up.
115
What is Prone?
A patient lying on his or her stomach face down.
116
What composes the axial skeleton?
The head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
117
What composes the appendicular skeleton?
the extremities, including the arms, pelvic bones, and legs.
118
A serous membrane encloses each of the body cavities composed of two layers, what are they?
The parietal (adheres to cavity wall) membrane and the visceral (adheres to the organ) membrane.
119
What two main cavities is the body divided into?
The ventral cavity and the dorsal cavity
120
Which cavity contains most of the body's organs?
The Ventral
121
What two parts does the ventral cavity make up?
Thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
122
What separates the pleural cavity?
The Mediastinum
123
What is included in the mediastinum?
trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, heart and great vessels.
124
What two layers is the pericardium made up of?
The visceral pericardium or epicardium, and the parietal pericardium or pericardial sac.
125
What is the inferior border of the thoracic cavity and the superior border of the abdominopelvic cavity?
The diaphragm
126
Many of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are covered by a membrane called?
The peritoneum
127
Retroperitoneal refers to what?
Organs behind the peritoneum that are not suspended by the mesentery.
128
The dorsal cavity contains what structures?
The Central nervous system
129
What 3 membranes surround the brain?
The dura mater, the arachnoid layer, and the pia mater
130
Characteristics shared by all living things are what?
Movement, growth, respiration, digestion, absorption, excretion, responsiveness, circulation, reproduction
131
What is the smallest unit of structure and function in the human organism? Also the basic functional unit in the body.
The cell
132
What is created when several cells with common functions join together?
Tissue
133
What is created when several types of tissue join to perform a function?
Organ
134
What is created when several organs combine to perform a common function?
Organ system
135
What does eukaryotes mean?
true nucleus
136
What does prokaryotes mean?
before nucleus
137
What are all human body cells?
Eukaryotes
138
What encloses the cytoplasm and its organelles?
Cytoplasmic membrane
139
What refers to the two layers that make up the cytoplasmic membrane?
bilayer
140
What is the main function of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Regulation of the transfer of substances in and out of the cell.
141
What are the different types of membrane proteins?
Channel, Enzyme receptors, Receptor sites, Identifier proteins, carrier proteins
142
What is the fluid like material within which the organelles of the cell are suspended?
Cytoplasm
143
Organelles that synthesize new protein made of RNA and are found either free floating or on the ER are called?
Ribosomes
144
ER or Endoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for what?
The system of canals works as a circulatory system within the cell moving proteins through the cell. The ER plays a part in the detoxification process.
145
The organelle that concentrates and packages material for secretion out of the cell is called?
Golgi Appartus
146
The shipping containers of the cell are known as what?
Vescicles
147
The enzymes contained within this organelle help digest bacteria. What is this organelle called?
Lysosomes
148
The power plant of the cell and the body where aerobic respiration resulting in the production of ATP takes place is known as what?
Mitochondria
149
The paired rodlike structures that lie at right angles to each other and play a big part in cell division are known as what?
Centrioles
150
These create a wavelike function that move fluid over the surface of the cell.
Cilia
151
What are the singular organelle that project from the cell and are used for propulsion?
Flagella
152
These project from the cell and increase surface area for absorption.
Microvilli
153
What is considered the blueprint of the cell?
RNA and DNA
154
The sum of all physical and chemical changes that occur in the body is known as what?
Metabolism
155
Define Anabolism
the building of larger substances from smaller to larger.
156
Define Catabolism
The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones that the body can use for its own needs
157
What is the utilization of glucose called?
Oxidation
158
What is the first step in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
159
What is the second step in cellular respiration?
The Krebs Cycle
160
What is the final step in oxidation of glucose?
The electron transport chain
161
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis
Four, however the net is two because two are used to actually perform the activity
162
How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?
2 however there are 34 in the electron transport system so 36 molecules of ATP
163
How many ATP are produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle together?
36-38 ATP
164
The process of particles moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until an equilibrium is reached is known as what?
Diffusion
165
A passive transport mechanism where the molecule entering the cell cannot enter without the assistance of a carrier protein is known as what?
Facilitated Diffusion
166
A passive transport mechanism where the solutes do not move but water passes over them to dilute the substance until equilibrium is achieved is called what?
Osmosis
167
Ions and molecules that are transported against their concentration gradient or from an area of low concentration to high concentration is known as what?
Active transport
168
The process in which a cell becomes specialized for a specific purpose is called what?
Differentiation
169
What are the four types of tissue found in the body?
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
170
What is the most abundant tissue in the body?
Connective tissue
171
There are 7 types of connective tissue in the body, what are they?
Areolar- loose tissue found in most organs
Adipose- stores lipids and stores nutrients
Fibrous- Tendons and ligaments
Cartilage
Bone
Blood- allows transport of nutrients
Hemopoietic- forms blood cells
172
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
173
What are the 4 basic properties of muscle?
Excitability, Contractility, Conductivity, and Elasticity
174
What are the organ systems of the body?
```
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Endocrine
Lymphatic
Circulatory
Respiratory
Nervous
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
```
175
What is the largest system in the body?
The integumentary system
176
What are the three layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous
177
How many bones are in the body?
206
178
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Support, Leverage, Protection, Storage, Maintenance of calcium levels, blood cell production
179
Blood cell production is referred to as what?
Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
180
What are the four types of bones in the body?
Long, flat, short, and irregular
181
The axial skeleton is composed of what?
skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
182
How many bones are in the skull?
22
183
How many vertebrae are there in each region of the spine
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal
184
The first cervical vertebrae is called what?
The atlas
185
The second cervical vertebrae is called what?
The axis
186
The foramen is what?
the passage way for the vertebrae
187
How many ribs doe the human body have?
12 pairs of ribs
188
How many true ribs are there?
7
189
How many false ribs are there?
5
190
What are the last two ribs called?
Floating ribs
191
What 3 parts is the sternum divided into?
manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
192
There are three types of joints in the body, what are they?
Fibrous (non-moveable), Cartilaginous (partially moving), Synovial (freely moving)
193
What are the four primary areas of the brain?
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, and Brain Stem
194
The brain stem is made up of three parts, what are they?
Medulla, Pons, MidBrain
195
The Diencephalon is made up of two parts what are they?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
196
What is the medulla responsible for?
Many of the autonomic functions
197
What is the pons responsible for?
afferent and efferent impulses which transmit to the medulla and the cerebrum
198
What is the midbrain responsible for?
hearing and visual reflexes that allow tracking of the eyes
199
What is the hypothalamus role?
Sexuality, temperature, pituitary gland, and integrates the nervous system with the endocrine system
200
What is the largest part of the brain?
The cerebrum
201
What is responsible for language, judgement, memory, socialization, aggression, motivation and mood?
Frontal lobes
202
Somatic nervous system is what type of system, voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
203
Where are hormones manufactured?
Endocrine glands
204
What is the primary function of the thyroid?
Controlling metabolism
205
The rapid entry of NA or sodium into the cell is largely responsible for phase 0 of the cardiac action potential is called what and is what phase of Depolarization and repolarization?
Depolarization; Phase 0
206
When Sodium channels partially close, slowing the flow of NA into the cell is part of what phase of repolarization and depolarization?
Phase 1; Early Repolarization
207
The plateau phase of the action potential when CA slowly enters the cell is called what and is what part of the depolarization and repolarization?
Phase 2; Plateau phase
208
The downslope of the action potential where the cell rapidly completes repolarization as K quickly flows out of the cell is known as what and is what phase of repolarization and depolarization?
Final Rapid Repolarization; Phase 3
209
The resting membrane potential an excess of Sodium is inside the cell and an excess of Potassium is outside the cell is and a pump is activated to reverse the two is known as what phase and of the repolarization and depolarization?
Phase 4; Resting Membrane Potential
210
What is the alveoli covered with that allows them to keep from collapsing?
Surfactant
211
Outside air is made up of what?
21% O2, 78%Nitrogen, .04% CO2
212
Hyperplasia is what?
Cells growing in number
213
Dysplasia is what?
Cells growing in number but adapting and taking on an abnormal size, shape, and organization.
214
Metaplasia is what?
One type of mature differentiated cell transforming into another type of mature cell
215
The part of the CNS that connects the brain to the periphery of the body is called what?
Spinal cord
216
The nerve roots that extend beyond the terminal point of the spinal cord, yet are still within the spinal column, are called?
Cauda Equina
217
Tracts that conduct impulses up the spinal cord to the brain are called?
afferent
218
Tracts that conduct impulses from the brain to the rest of the body are called?
efferent
219
Spinal nerves that combine in three areas of the body to form what?
Plexuses
220
Areas of convergence and divergence where spinal nerves come together and are organized to transmit their impulses to areas of the body through a common nerve is called?
Plexus
221
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
222
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
223
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells?
120 days
224
Neutrophils are circulating leukocytes and the first to respond to what?
Infection
225
The primary job of neutrophils is what?
phagocytosis
226
Basophils are involved in what type of reaction?
allergic
227
What cells directly attack invading organisms?
T cells
228
The lymphatic system is primarily responsible for three functions what are they?
1. Removal of excess fluid from tissues of the body and recovery of fluid needed to maintain balance of water required.
2. The production and circulation of lymphocytes
3. Distribution of various products unable to enter the bloodstream directly, such as nutrients and some hormones
229
What is the first part of the small intestine called?
Duodenum
230
Where is bile produced?
The liver
231
The sense of taste is called?
gustation
232
a firm, opaque white outer layer of the eye is called?
sclera
233
the colored part of the eye is called?
Iris
234
Where are sodium levels regulated?
Kidneys
235
Normal Co2 levels are what?
35-45 mm Hg
236
Bacteria that release endotoxins are called?
Pyrogenic (an inflammatory response that produces fever)
237
When a large amount of bacteria and toxins reach the bloodstream the condition is called what?
Septicemia (also known as sepsis)
238
What is the most common cause of infection in the human body?
viruses
239
Small particles of viruses are called?
virions
240
Viruses contain strands of RNA or DNA that are surrounded by a protein coat called?
capsid
241
Diseases caused by fugi are called?
mycoses
242
Single celled organisms that possess a complex cell structure, including a nucleus and organelles are called?
protozoa
243
a plant or animal that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in another plant or animal is called?
parasite
244
An infectious agent composed of only protein is called?
prion
245
The process where fatty acids combine with certain electrolytes to form soaps is called?
saponification
246
The pressure exerted by a fluid because of its weight is called?
hydrostatic pressure
247
The pressure exerted by the concentration of a particular solute is called?
Osmotic pressure
248
The collection of water in the interstitial space is called?
Edema
249
What is the most common cause of hyperkalemia (failure to eliminate potassium at the proper rate)?
Chronic renal failure
250
Hypokalemia has some common causes what are they?
insulin administration, prolonged episodes of vomiting, renal disease, diuretics, and alkalosis
251
Alkalosis is usually related to what?
hypokalemia or hypocalcemia
252
What is the most common cause of MOD's
Septic shock
253
Type O blood is what?
The universal donor
254
Type AB blood is the what?
Universal receiver
255
Humoral response vs cell mediated
Humoral is b cells
| Cell mediated is T cells
256
Proteins that alter the function of cells by binding to a receptor site and releasing a second messenger inside the cell are called?
Cytokines
257
Hypersensitivity to an environmental antigen such as venoms and pollens is called?
Allergy
258
The failure of the body to recognize its own tissues as self, resulting in attack by the immune system.
Autoimmunity
259
A condition in which the host acquires immunity against itself from the tissue of a member of the same species is called?
Alloimmunity
260
WHat are the phases of inflammation?
1. Attack and destroy injurious agents
2. confine these agents by walling them off to prevent effects on the host
3. stimulate the immune system
4. promote healing
