days 23-24 Flashcards
What are the one-year incidence rates of child maltreatment in the U.S. and Canada?
U.S.: 12.1/1,000 children; Canada: 9.7/1,000 children.
Why might child maltreatment rates be higher in the U.S. than in Canada?
Higher poverty rates and more limited access to adequate, affordable healthcare.
What percentage of U.S. parents anonymously report using abusive physical punishment?
10% report using forms of physical punishment considered child abuse.
What is the most common type of child maltreatment?
Neglect.
Which forms of maltreatment have research and treatment mostly focused on?
Physical and sexual abuse.
What does the 2018 Canadian SSPPS survey report on?
Retrospective accounts of maltreatment experienced before age 15.
What age group is most at risk for neglect?
Younger children.
Which age group is more likely to experience sexual abuse?
Children over 12 years old.
Which family structure is associated with higher risk for physical abuse and neglect?
Single-parent families.
How does poverty relate to child maltreatment?
How does poverty relate to child maltreatment?
What is considered a potential protective factor against child maltreatment?
Upward social mobility. Countries with more social mobility have lower childhood maltreatment rates. Policies that reduce income inequality and enhance economic mobility are likely to prevent child maltreatment.
What three areas of development can be shaped by maltreatment?
Brain development, physiological reactivity to stress, and understanding of emotion.
What did the Pollak et al. (2000) study examine?
How children, including maltreated ones, recognize emotions using vignettes that represent five emotions: happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and anger.
What are the two main components measured in emotion recognition tasks?
(1) Sensitivity to correctly identify emotions, and (2) bias toward labeling a particular emotion more often.
What emotional recognition bias is seen in physically abused children?
A bias toward labeling faces as angry.
What emotional recognition bias is seen in neglected children?
A bias toward labeling faces as sad.
What are two possible reasons for emotion recognition differences in maltreated children?
(1) Difficulty visually distinguishing facial expressions, or (2) altered emotional understanding from their environment.
What conclusion can be drawn from the Emotion Discrimination Task? (making sure maltreated children can discriminate between facial expressions)
All children can visually discriminate facial expressions; maltreatment does not affect basic visual recognition.
What is the difference between the Emotion Discrimination Task and the Emotion Differentiation Task?
Emotion Discrimination Task: Children are shown two photographs and asked if the expressions are the same or different. It tests basic recognition of emotions.
Emotion Differentiation Task: Children are shown two photographs and asked to rate the similarity of the facial expressions on a 6-shelf scale. It tests how well children can judge the degree of difference between emotions
What is the Emotion Differentiation Task?
A task where children rate how similar two emotional expressions are by placing them on a 6-shelf scale.
How did neglected children perform on the Emotion Differentiation Task?
They perceived less distinction between angry, sad, and fearful expressions.
How did physically abused and control children perform on the Emotion Differentiation Task?
They perceived greater distinction between anger and other negative emotions.
Physically abused children may be better at distinguishing anger from other emotions because they were exposed to anger more frequently, so they learned to pay special attention to it.
What does the Emotion Differentiation Task reveal about neglected children?
They may have a less refined understanding of negative emotions.
What does the Emotion Differentiation Task suggest about the effects of maltreatment?
Maltreatment alters emotional interpretation, not visual ability.
Visual ability: Both maltreated and non-maltreated children can recognize different emotions visually.
Emotional interpretation: Maltreated children may interpret those emotions differently based on their experiences.
