days 11-13 Flashcards
what differentiates anxiety from fear?
anxiety is future oriented while fear is present oriented
in DSM-5 anxiety disorders are now separate from OCD?
yes. different sections: anxiety disorders + obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
panic attack vs panic disorder
panic attack:
Panic disorder: recurrent and unexcepted panic attacks.
One attack followed by concern about having additional attacks, worry about implications of the attacks, behavior change (cutting class, avoiding that classroom where you had that panic attack).
diagnosis of panic disorder
Panic disorder involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and ongoing concern about having more attacks or the consequences of having them.
* Criteria: After the first panic attack, at least 1 month of 1 of the following symptoms is required:
1. Persistent concern or worry about having more panic attacks.
2. Significant maladaptive behavior (such as avoiding situations or places where previous attacks occurred).
common obsessions in OCD
contamination, harm to self or others, symmetry
what might be a contributor to the fact that anxiety disorders are more common among black youth than white youth?
race-based rejection sensitivity: people of color might anticipate being discriminated against in future situations, which might provoke cognitive anxiety.
which other diagnostic can be 80% comorbid with anxiety disorders
depression. Anxiety symptoms often precede depressive symptoms.
how does the The Two-Stage Model of Fear Acquisition work?
Stage 1 – Classical Conditioning:
A neutral stimulus (e.g., a dog) becomes associated with a fear-inducing stimulus (e.g., a bite), leading to fear acquisition (the dog itself now triggers fear).
Stage 2 – Operant Conditioning (Negative Reinforcement):
Avoidance of the feared stimulus (e.g., avoiding dogs) reduces anxiety, reinforcing the avoidance behavior.
This prevents extinction of fear, making it persistent over time.
core components of effective interventions for anxiety disorders
1- reduce cognitive bias
2- reduce bodily tensions
3. exposure and habituation
A study by Eldar et al. (2012) investigated the effects of attention-bias modification (ABM) in children with anxiety. What do the results suggest about attention re-training as a treatment for pediatric anxiety?
The study randomly assigned 40 children with anxiety to one of three groups: (1) ABM, where the target was always paired with a neutral face, (2) a neutral-neutral condition, and (3) a placebo condition, where the target was paired with a neutral face only 50% of the time. Participants completed four training sessions over four weeks. After treatment, only children in the ABM group showed a decrease in threat bias and reductions in anxiety symptoms.
These findings suggest that attention re-training can help children with anxiety by reducing their tendency to focus on threats.
How do SSRIs work?
SSRIs work by blocking the reuptake (or absorption) of serotonin. This means more serotonin stays in the spaces between your brain cells, helping improve mood and reduce anxiety.
What were the results of the CAMS study on the efficacy of SSRIs, CBT, and combined treatment for youth anxiety disorders?
The CAMS study found that combined treatment was more effective than CBT or SSRIs alone, with CBT and SSRIs showing similar results, and combined treatment being the most effective across all anxiety diagnoses.
What were the long-term outcomes of the CAMELS follow-up study for youth who participated in the CAMS trial?
The CAMELS study followed up with the youth from the original CAMS trial (for anxiety treatment) 3-11 years after treatment. It found that the improvements in how the children were functioning (e.g., in their families, their daily lives) during the treatment phase (CAMS) helped lead to long-term improvements in their anxiety symptoms. These long-term improvements weren’t just limited to anxiety but also included better overall functioning in life. This suggests that how well the children responded to treatment had lasting effects on their overall well-being, even outside of just anxiety.
In the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS), which treatment showed the best outcomes for pediatric OCD?
Combined CBT and SSRI treatment showed the best outcomes.
What did the results of the CAMS and POTS trials have in common?
Both trials found that combined treatment (CBT + SSRI) was more effective than either treatment alone for reducing symptoms of anxiety and OCD.
What moderated the efficacy of treatment in the CAMS trial?
The type of anxiety disorder moderated the efficacy of treatment in the CAMS trial.
