days 18-19 Flashcards
What is the difference between cognitive abilities and intelligence?
Cognitive abilities are mental processes (like memory, attention, problem-solving) that can improve or decline over a lifetime.
Intelligence is a measured quantity that summarizes a person’s ability to apply knowledge and skills, often assessed through IQ tests.
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve new problems, think logically, and identify patterns. It tends to decline with age.
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use learned knowledge and experience. It often increases or remains stable with age.
What was the first formal intelligence test?
Binet’s Test
What does psychometric approach uses to measure intelligence?
Use standardized tests.
What is a type of tests that is widely used today that has 5 primary index scales?
Wechsler Scales
What do IQ scores represent in the psychometric approach?
IQ scores compare a person’s performance to standardized test norms.
Average score = 100
95% fall between 70–130
Scores >130 = gifted; <70 = possible intellectual disability
What was the hard cut-off in the DSM 4 to qualify for intellectual disability
IQ score of 70 or below
What are reasons why we see racial and ethnic differences in IQ scores?
- bias in the tests
- environmental differences across groups
- stereotype threat
What is this an example of? “A Black student taking an IQ test may underperform if reminded of their race beforehand, because of the stereotype that Black students score lower on such tests.
➡️ The stress of not wanting to “confirm the stereotype” can interfere with their ability to focus or think clearly.”
Stereotype threat
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
- Gardner rejects IQ as a measure of human intelligence.
- According to Howard Gardner, the standard IQ test does not capture the full range of human intellectual abilities
- He proposes 8 different dimensions of intelligence, such as linguistic, logical-matematical, spatial, musical…
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory posits that intelligence is made up of three distinct but interconnected components:
Analytical Intelligence – The ability to analyze, evaluate, and solve problems (often what traditional IQ tests measure).
Creative Intelligence – The ability to deal with novel situations and come up with innovative solutions.
Practical Intelligence – The ability to adapt to everyday situations and solve practical problems.
What is Sternberg’s idea of successful intelligence?
Successful intelligence involves:
- Setting and achieving reasonable goals.
- Optimizing strengths and minimizing weaknesses.
- Adapting to the environment.
- Using all three components of intelligence (analytical, creative, practical).
What are the diagnosis criteria for IDD in DSM-5?
- Deficits in intellectual functioning (reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, learning from experience…)
- Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility
This includes difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical domains. - Symptoms must appear during the developmental period (before the age of 18) to meet the criteria for Intellectual Disability.
How does the DSM-5 define Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) differently from DSM-IV?
In DSM-5, IDD is defined by deficits in adaptive functioning rather than strictly by intellectual functioning and IQ.
IDD isn’t strictly tied to IQ scores, but still very relevant in the diagnosis of IDD
When does the onset of Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) occur, according to DSM-5?
The onset occurs during the developmental period.
How is the Flynn Effect related to IQ distribution in the context of Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?
The Flynn Effect refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time, which may affect the way IQ distributions are balanced in relation to adaptive functioning in the context of IDD.
That’s in part why DSM-5 diagnosis isn’t solely reliant on IQ scores
Adaptive functionning is evaluated across 3 domains, what are they?
conceptual skills: language, reading, money concepts
social skills: interpersonal, responsibility, naiveté…
pratical: eating, dressing, mobility, toileting,
What are the approximate prevalence rates for each level of severity in Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Mild: ~85% of cases
Moderate: ~10% of cases
Severe: ~3–4% of cases
Profound: ~1–2% of cases
Are children from certain socioeconomic backgrounds more likely to have mild Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Yes, children from lower socioeconomic status (SES) families are more likely to have mild ID.
When is moderate Intellectual Disability (ID) usually identified?
Moderate ID is usually identified during the preschool years.
Which group of individuals is often associated with moderate Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Many people with Down syndrome are often associated with moderate ID.
Prevalence of IDD overall? Gender differences?
1-3%, a bit more males than females
What is the approximate heritability of intelligence, and how does environment play a role?
Intelligence is about 50% heritable. Environmental factors can modify how genes are expressed (phenotype), especially in disadvantaged settings.
What are the two broad categories of causes for Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?
1) Organic causes (e.g., genetic conditions, brain injuries), and 2) Cultural/familial causes (e.g., poverty, inadequate caregiving, poor nutrition).
