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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH > Data management and coding > Flashcards

Data management and coding Flashcards

1
Q

poor data management (interview)

A

.no systematic record of interviews taken
.Interview recordings on different locations e.g. different computers-
.recordings not stored securely
.file names are confusing and unclear
.consent forms are scattered in various places
.transcription is incomplete or inaccurate

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2
Q

Data management - transcription

A

recordings translated into written data
a necessary step to interpret contextual qualitative data
provided with something tangible to analyze
allows verification of our analytic claims (need to evidence our claims)
ppts quotes are used as evidence

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3
Q

Jefferson transcription (precise transcription)

verbatim

A

used for conversational analysis and discourse analysis
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
MAXIMUM EXACTNESS
uses symbols to denote types of speech, ways of speech, and aspects of speech

verbatim- writing everything said down

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4
Q

inductive coding meaning- EMERGENT

A

bottom up
developing categories primarily from the data

coding is a classic inductive approach

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5
Q

deducitve coding- A PRIORI

A

top down
start with a set of codes based on research questions and you take those codes and look at data to see which data fits those codes
looking at data to support something we already think

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6
Q

Bazely and Jackson - stages of coding

A

transcribe data/ read and reflect/ explore and play- notes and hunches/ code and connect/ review and refine

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7
Q

confidentiality in data management

ANTAKI-

A 
Uk data protection legislation
GDPR
ANTAKI- names with same syllable length
maintain gender
preserve ethnicity
keep authenticity of data- preserve conventions
city names can be left unless they are identifiable
institutional names should b changed
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8
Q

Thematic Analysis- what is it

what are the 3 main types

A

analysing, identifying, reporting themes within qual data

types- content analysis, template analysis, thematic analysis

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9
Q

Thematic analysis - strengths

A

Not bounded to any pre-existing framework- you can do thematic analysis for most qualitative data sets

very flexible
a pragmatic approach

Can also be used to examine the way in which events, realities and meanings can effect a range of discourses operating in society

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10
Q

Content analysis (conceptual analysis)

A

purely often deductive

determine presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within given qualitative data.

changing qual—quant so it can be statistically analysed
used to reduce large data sets/ identify important aspects of content

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11
Q

Content analysis (conceptual analysis)

A

determine presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within given qualitative data.

changing qual—quant so it can be statistically analysed

USED TO= reduce large data sets/ identify important aspects of content/ examine trends in data

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12
Q

content analysis - STRENGTHS

A

.unobtrusive- can be used for secondary data meaning fewer ethical issues than other methods of analysis
.data is analysed in a very systematic and transparent manner- clear what u have done
.researchers do not require a certain ‘skill’
.used not just in psychology

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13
Q

content analysis - DISADVANTAGES

A

.time consuming
.prone to increased error-especially sensitive to measurement error, because data generation relies on the “consensual reading” (Krippendorff, 2004a, p. 212) of semantically or visually ambiguous messages by different coders and/or at different occasions.

.critised for being to basic and lacking in theory
.reductionist
.ignores context

causality cannot be madr

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14
Q

Template analysis

A

TEMPLATE
used to thematically analyse and organise qualitative data.
data is usually form of interview transcripts but has to be TEXTUAL DATA
you develop coding ‘templates’
hierarchal coding is suggested

top down/ a priori

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15
Q

when/why use template analysis

A

it is epistemological flexible - doesn’t matter if we are ‘realist’ or ‘constructionist’
.procedural flexibility- can be used number of different studies
.good for larger data sets
.used for a priori themes (these are tentative)

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16
Q

stages of template analysis

A
  1. define a priori themes
  2. collect data
  3. transcribe interviews/familiarise data
  4. carry out initial coding
  5. produce initial coding template
  6. continue to refine template
  7. use final template to interpret and write up findings
17
Q

Advantages of template analysis

A
  • links to previous research- guided analysis
  • builds on existing theory and findings
  • flexible- can be refined/adjusted as analysis continues
  • less time consuming analysis
  • researcher captures important theoretical concepts
  • offers a structured approach to organise data
  • way of managing and structuring analysis with a large data set
18
Q

disadvantages of template analysis

A
  • lack of holistic understanding in relation to individual accounts
  • research with lots of studies may leave a novice reader overwhelmed and unsure on which direction to go e.g. which a priori codes to use
  • templates may be too simple to allow interpretation or too complex for effective management
19
Q

thematic analysis in thematic analysis-

A

INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE - THEMES

  • not bounded to any pre-exisitng framework
  • pragmatic approach- identifies experiences, meanings, reality of ppts (flexibile)
  • examine ways in which events, realities, and meanings effect the ways which discourses operate within society
  • requires involvement and interpretation from the researcher
  • involves identifying and describing explicit (semantic) and implicit (latent) ideas in the data
  • inductive thematic analysis has a huge breadth of scope
20
Q

THEMES- how to identify them in qualitative

A 
repeating words/ behaviours
key words
searching for missing info
metaphors and analogies
are there any deviations from these patterns
21
Q

why is reflexivity important in qualitative

A

REFLEXIVITY= reflecting on ones own beliefs and judgements and practices- examining how ones own assumptions might affect the study

active research
themes don’t just emerge from the data they are generated by the researcher
researcher needs to reflect on assumptions they bring when analysing as this will have an effect

22
Q

Thematic analysis- Thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke) 6 STAGES

A
  1. familiarisation data= reading and re reading actively and critically, noting what is interesting
  2. generating codes= iterative process (evolves). flexible process allows for change
  3. generating initial themes- important codes become themes/ clusters of codes of similar meaning become themes- very flexible (still rename etc)
  4. reviewing initial themes- check meaning, should some be combined?/ do they fit the theme/ does it address research question and reflect content of data set

5.defining and naming themes- e.g. odour, dress, diet may be named appearance.
when you get to data saturation u have enough themes

6.producing the report- analysis still continues in this stage
select evidence from data to support claims
provide a ‘thick’ description

23
Q

thematic analysis codes

latent/semantic

A

semantic- capture surface meaning

latent- capture assumptions underpinning the surface meaning

24
Q

thematic analysis

what is bracketing?

A

coping with our own assumptions affecting data

attempts to mitigate potential effects of our preconceptions or biases might have on analysis

one way is writing memos to yourself (important to be honest) -CUTCLIFFE 2003
another way is to engage in an interview with another researcher not involved in this analysis - ROLLS AND RELF 2006

25
Q

thematic analysis - braun and clarke DISADVANTAGES

A
  • novice readers find it hard to handle large data sets
  • poorly branded method
  • not a rigorous method due to the flexible nature
  • can be conducted poorly
  • not consistent
26
Q

when carrying out thematic analysis what decisions do researchers have to make?

A 
inductive coding/deductive coding
how you are going to code- software? scribbles? cutting up pieces of paper? word?
whats interesting
whats a theme
when to stop analysis
final report what to include

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (8 decks)

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