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DAT biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What three things does carbohydrates contain and what is a carbohydrate?

A

It is a macromolecule that contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

Carbohydrates come in three forms

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharides

A

carbohydrate monomers

empirical formula of (CH20)n

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4
Q

3 types of monosaccharides

A

Ribose - 5 carbon
fructose- 6 carbon
glucose- 6 carbon

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5
Q

Why does glucose and fructose have the same number of Carbons?

A

they are isomers! Same chemical formula but different arrangements.

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6
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bond

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7
Q

What is a glycosidic bond? (it is a covalent bond)

A

joins carbohydrate molecules to another group. Result of dehydration reaction. which is when a water molecule leaves and a covalent bond forms.

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8
Q

What is hydrolisis

A

opposite of dehydration. Addition of water that breaks the covalent bond

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9
Q

3 Types of disaccharides

A

Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - galactose + glucose
Maltose - glucose + glucose

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10
Q

What is a polysaccaride?

A

contain multiple monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds to form long polymers

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11
Q

What is the energy storage for plants?

A

Starch! it is a alpha bonded polysaccharide.

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12
Q

linear form of starch is called what?

A

amylose

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13
Q

branched form of starch is called

A

amylopectin

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14
Q

What is the energy storage for humans?

A

Glycogen! Also a alpha bonded polysaccharide. much more branching than starch

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15
Q

What is the structural component in plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose! Beta bonded polysaccharide. Linear strands packed rigidly in parallel!

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16
Q

What is the structural component in fungi cell walls and insect exoskeletons>

A

Chitin! Beta bonded polysaccharide with nitrogen added to each monomer.

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17
Q

Proteins contains what?

what does the structure look like?

A

CHON

sequence of a chain of amino acids

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18
Q

What is a protein?

A

Macromolecules in biology

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19
Q

All of the proteins in a cell make up what?

A

proteome

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20
Q

What is a proteome

A

all proteins expressed by one type of cell under one set of conditions

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21
Q

CHON combine to make what?

A

amino acids which links together to make protein!!

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22
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

monomers of proteins

Lots of amino acids together forms a protein!

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23
Q

When more than one amino acid are joined by peptide bonds through dehydration what does it become?

A

polypeptides

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24
Q

What reaction breaks peptide bonds

A

Hydrolysis

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25
Q

polypeptide becomes amino acid chain that contains what 2 end terminals on opposite sides?

A

N and C terminus

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26
Q

C terminus (carboxyl terminus)

A

side that ends with the last amino acids carboxyl grou

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27
Q

N terminus (amino Terminus)

A

Side that ends with the last amino acids amino group.

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28
Q

4 types of protein structures

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

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29
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

sequence of amino acids

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30
Q

secondary structure of protein (R group not involved)

A

Forms alpha helices or beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonding. This hydrogen bonding (intermolecular forces) causes the peptide backbone (just the amino acid structural feature other than the R group) to fold into a repeating pattern

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31
Q

Tertiary structure (R group involved)

A

three dimensional due to interaction between R groups. Creates hydrophilic and hydrophobic spaces based on the R group!

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32
Q

What element is found in the R group of cysteine

A

Sulfur. Cysteine can form disulfide bonds with each other. Very strong bonds that is important in holding the three dimensions structure of polypeptide in place!

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33
Q

Quaternary sturtures

A

Multiple polypeptide chains come together to form one protein

34
Q

Protein denaturation

A

loss of protein function and high order structures (secondary, tertiary, and quartenary). These structured proteins goes back to their primary structure.

35
Q

What causes protein denaturation?

A

high or low temp
ph changes
salt concentrations

36
Q

What does a catalysts do?

A

increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy. Also reduces the energy of the transition state

37
Q

what is the transition state?

A

unstable conformation between reactant and product

38
Q

Catalyst does not

A

shift chemical reaction or affect spontaneity

39
Q

Example of a catalysst

A

Enzyme

40
Q

What does an enzyme do as a catalyst

A

binds to substrates (reactants) and convert them into products

41
Q

Where does enzyme bind to?

A

Active sites

42
Q

Most enzymes are what

A

proteins

43
Q

what is a specificity constant?

A

Measures how efficient an enzyme is at binding to the substrate(reactant) and converting it into a product

44
Q

What is the induced fit theory

A

talks about how the active site molds itself and changes shape to fit the substrate when it binds

45
Q

What is a non-protein enzyme

A

Ribozyme (RNA molecule)

46
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

organic cofactor (vitamins) inorganic cofactors are usually metal ions. Non- protein molecule that helps enzyme perform reactions

47
Q

Holoenzymes

A

enzymes that are bound to their cofactor

48
Q

Apoenzymes

A

enzymes that are not bound to their cofactors

49
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

cofactors that are tightly or covalently bonded to their enzyme

50
Q

lipids contain what three things

A

CHO

51
Q

Are the tails of lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

52
Q

What is triglyceride

A

lipid molecule with a glycerol backbone(3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl group) and 3 fatty acids( long hydrocarbon tails. Glycerol and the 3 fatty acids are connected by ester linkages

53
Q

Saturated fatty acids have no….

A

double bonds and as a result are packed tightly (solid at room temp)

54
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have..

A

Double bonds. can be divided into monounsaturated fatty acids (one double bond) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (two or more double bonds)

55
Q

Difference between cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids

A

cis has kinks that causes tail to bend so cannot pack tightly while trans have straighter hydrocarbon tails so they can pack more tightly

56
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

lipid molecule that has glycerol backbone, one phosphate group, and two fatty acid tails. phosphate is polar while the fatty acid is non polar

57
Q

Amphiphathic

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ( phospholipid is a good example)

58
Q

Another type of lipid molecule that is a component of the cell membrane and is amphipathic

A

Cholesterol

59
Q

Cholesterol is the most common precursor to what

A

Steroid hormones and is also the starting material for vitamin D and bile acids

60
Q

Factors that influence membrane fluidity

A

temp- increase temp increase fluidity. decrease temp decrease fluidity
cholesterol- holds membrane together at high temp and keeps membrane fluid at low temp
degrees of unsaturation- saturated fatty acids pack more tightly than unsaturated

61
Q

Transport vehicles for lipids

A

Lipoproteins

62
Q

lipoprotein

A

allows the transport of lipid molecules (hydrophobic) in the bloodstream due to an outer coat of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins

63
Q

2 types of lipoproteins

A

low density and high density

64
Q

low density lipoprotein

A

low protein density, deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues. “considered bad cholesterol” cause blockage in vessels and heart disease

65
Q

high density lipoprotein

A

high protein density, deliver cholesterol away from peripheral tissue. “considered good cholesterol” since they deliver to liver to make bile which reduces blood lipid levels

66
Q

Waxes (lipid derivative)

A

simple lipids with long fatty acids connected to monohydroxy OH by ester linkages.

67
Q

Function of waxes

A

hydrophobic protective coating. Ex leaves so water can bead up and fall off

68
Q

Carotenoids (lipid derivatives

A

long carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and 6 membered rings at each end. Function as pigment

69
Q

Sphingolipids (lipid derivatives)

A

has a backbone with non aromatic amino acids and functions in plasma membrane of cells

70
Q

Nucleic Acids contain

A

CHONP

71
Q

Nucleic acids contain

A

nucleotide monomers (phosphate, carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base)that builds into DNA and RNA polymers

72
Q

nucleosides

A

5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base

73
Q

nucleotides

A

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

74
Q

Nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

A,T,C,G. U(uracil) nucleotide replaces T in RNA

75
Q

adenine and guanine are purines

A

two ringed structures
PUR As Gold
Purines are adenine and guanine

76
Q

Pyrimidines

A

one ringed structures

77
Q

CUT the PY

A

Cytosine Uracil, and Thymine are PYrimidines

78
Q

DNA has what attached to the 2’ carbon on the deoxyribose sugar

A

hydrogen

79
Q

RNA has what attached to the 2’ carbon on the ribose sugar

A

hydroxyl group

80
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

connects phosphate group of one nucleotide (at the 5’carbon) to the hydroxyl group of another nucleotide (at the 3’ carbon). Creates the sugar-phosphate backbone!!!

81
Q

How does nucleic acid polymerization proceed?

A

nucleoside triphosphates are added to the 3’ end of the sugar phosphate backbone

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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