DAT biology Flashcards
What three things does carbohydrates contain and what is a carbohydrate?
It is a macromolecule that contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Carbohydrates come in three forms
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharides
carbohydrate monomers
empirical formula of (CH20)n
3 types of monosaccharides
Ribose - 5 carbon
fructose- 6 carbon
glucose- 6 carbon
Why does glucose and fructose have the same number of Carbons?
they are isomers! Same chemical formula but different arrangements.
What is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bond
What is a glycosidic bond? (it is a covalent bond)
joins carbohydrate molecules to another group. Result of dehydration reaction. which is when a water molecule leaves and a covalent bond forms.
What is hydrolisis
opposite of dehydration. Addition of water that breaks the covalent bond
3 Types of disaccharides
Sucrose - glucose + fructose
Lactose - galactose + glucose
Maltose - glucose + glucose
What is a polysaccaride?
contain multiple monosaccharides connected by glycosidic bonds to form long polymers
What is the energy storage for plants?
Starch! it is a alpha bonded polysaccharide.
linear form of starch is called what?
amylose
branched form of starch is called
amylopectin
What is the energy storage for humans?
Glycogen! Also a alpha bonded polysaccharide. much more branching than starch
What is the structural component in plant cell walls?
Cellulose! Beta bonded polysaccharide. Linear strands packed rigidly in parallel!
What is the structural component in fungi cell walls and insect exoskeletons>
Chitin! Beta bonded polysaccharide with nitrogen added to each monomer.
Proteins contains what?
what does the structure look like?
CHON
sequence of a chain of amino acids
What is a protein?
Macromolecules in biology
All of the proteins in a cell make up what?
proteome
What is a proteome
all proteins expressed by one type of cell under one set of conditions
CHON combine to make what?
amino acids which links together to make protein!!
What is an amino acid?
monomers of proteins
Lots of amino acids together forms a protein!
When more than one amino acid are joined by peptide bonds through dehydration what does it become?
polypeptides
What reaction breaks peptide bonds
Hydrolysis
polypeptide becomes amino acid chain that contains what 2 end terminals on opposite sides?
N and C terminus
C terminus (carboxyl terminus)
side that ends with the last amino acids carboxyl grou
N terminus (amino Terminus)
Side that ends with the last amino acids amino group.
4 types of protein structures
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein (R group not involved)
Forms alpha helices or beta pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonding. This hydrogen bonding (intermolecular forces) causes the peptide backbone (just the amino acid structural feature other than the R group) to fold into a repeating pattern
Tertiary structure (R group involved)
three dimensional due to interaction between R groups. Creates hydrophilic and hydrophobic spaces based on the R group!
What element is found in the R group of cysteine
Sulfur. Cysteine can form disulfide bonds with each other. Very strong bonds that is important in holding the three dimensions structure of polypeptide in place!
Quaternary sturtures
Multiple polypeptide chains come together to form one protein
Protein denaturation
loss of protein function and high order structures (secondary, tertiary, and quartenary). These structured proteins goes back to their primary structure.
What causes protein denaturation?
high or low temp
ph changes
salt concentrations
What does a catalysts do?
increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energy. Also reduces the energy of the transition state
what is the transition state?
unstable conformation between reactant and product
Catalyst does not
shift chemical reaction or affect spontaneity
Example of a catalysst
Enzyme
What does an enzyme do as a catalyst
binds to substrates (reactants) and convert them into products
Where does enzyme bind to?
Active sites
Most enzymes are what
proteins
what is a specificity constant?
Measures how efficient an enzyme is at binding to the substrate(reactant) and converting it into a product
What is the induced fit theory
talks about how the active site molds itself and changes shape to fit the substrate when it binds
What is a non-protein enzyme
Ribozyme (RNA molecule)
What is a coenzyme
organic cofactor (vitamins) inorganic cofactors are usually metal ions. Non- protein molecule that helps enzyme perform reactions
Holoenzymes
enzymes that are bound to their cofactor
Apoenzymes
enzymes that are not bound to their cofactors
Prosthetic groups
cofactors that are tightly or covalently bonded to their enzyme
lipids contain what three things
CHO
Are the tails of lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
What is triglyceride
lipid molecule with a glycerol backbone(3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl group) and 3 fatty acids( long hydrocarbon tails. Glycerol and the 3 fatty acids are connected by ester linkages
Saturated fatty acids have no….
double bonds and as a result are packed tightly (solid at room temp)
Unsaturated fatty acids have..
Double bonds. can be divided into monounsaturated fatty acids (one double bond) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (two or more double bonds)
Difference between cis and trans unsaturated fatty acids
cis has kinks that causes tail to bend so cannot pack tightly while trans have straighter hydrocarbon tails so they can pack more tightly
What is a phospholipid?
lipid molecule that has glycerol backbone, one phosphate group, and two fatty acid tails. phosphate is polar while the fatty acid is non polar
Amphiphathic
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ( phospholipid is a good example)
Another type of lipid molecule that is a component of the cell membrane and is amphipathic
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the most common precursor to what
Steroid hormones and is also the starting material for vitamin D and bile acids
Factors that influence membrane fluidity
temp- increase temp increase fluidity. decrease temp decrease fluidity
cholesterol- holds membrane together at high temp and keeps membrane fluid at low temp
degrees of unsaturation- saturated fatty acids pack more tightly than unsaturated
Transport vehicles for lipids
Lipoproteins
lipoprotein
allows the transport of lipid molecules (hydrophobic) in the bloodstream due to an outer coat of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
2 types of lipoproteins
low density and high density
low density lipoprotein
low protein density, deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues. “considered bad cholesterol” cause blockage in vessels and heart disease
high density lipoprotein
high protein density, deliver cholesterol away from peripheral tissue. “considered good cholesterol” since they deliver to liver to make bile which reduces blood lipid levels
Waxes (lipid derivative)
simple lipids with long fatty acids connected to monohydroxy OH by ester linkages.
Function of waxes
hydrophobic protective coating. Ex leaves so water can bead up and fall off
Carotenoids (lipid derivatives
long carbon chains with conjugated double bonds and 6 membered rings at each end. Function as pigment
Sphingolipids (lipid derivatives)
has a backbone with non aromatic amino acids and functions in plasma membrane of cells
Nucleic Acids contain
CHONP
Nucleic acids contain
nucleotide monomers (phosphate, carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base)that builds into DNA and RNA polymers
nucleosides
5 carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base
nucleotides
5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases found in DNA
A,T,C,G. U(uracil) nucleotide replaces T in RNA
adenine and guanine are purines
two ringed structures
PUR As Gold
Purines are adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines
one ringed structures
CUT the PY
Cytosine Uracil, and Thymine are PYrimidines
DNA has what attached to the 2’ carbon on the deoxyribose sugar
hydrogen
RNA has what attached to the 2’ carbon on the ribose sugar
hydroxyl group
Phosphodiester bond
connects phosphate group of one nucleotide (at the 5’carbon) to the hydroxyl group of another nucleotide (at the 3’ carbon). Creates the sugar-phosphate backbone!!!
How does nucleic acid polymerization proceed?
nucleoside triphosphates are added to the 3’ end of the sugar phosphate backbone
