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DAT BIO > DAT bio chapter 14 ecology > Flashcards

DAT bio chapter 14 ecology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Abiotic factors

A

nonliving elements of an

ecosystem (eg. temperature, water, light).

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2
Q

biotic factors

A

living elements of an

ecosystem (eg. plants, animals, etc.).

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3
Q

species

A

group that can interbreed and

have viable, fertile offspring.

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4
Q

Population:

A

specific species living in a

specific location.

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5
Q

Habitat:

A

type of place where a specific
organism lives. Includes other organisms
(biotic) and physical aspects (abiotic).

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6
Q

Ecological community:

A

all populations in a

given area.

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7
Q

Ecosystem?

A

all the organisms in an ecological
community (biotic), and the abiotic factors
interacting within it.

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8
Q

biosphere?

A

all ecosystems on Earth, their
interactions with each other and the
lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere.

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9
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

depend on
population density. Becomes more significant as the population density increases. (eg. disease, resource
competition).

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10
Q

Density-independent factors

A

do not depend

on population density (eg. climate, weather).

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11
Q

What is organism niche?

A

the biotic and abiotic resources an organism uses

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12
Q

what is realized niche?

A

where it truly lives

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13
Q

what is fundamental niche?

A

the full range of environmental conditions where it could survive

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14
Q

What is Gause’s law

A

(competitive exclusion principle):
Two species cannot occupy the same niche and
maintain population levels: one will outcompete
the other.

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15
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

allows species to coexist

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16
Q

What is competition?

A

2 species compete for the same resources

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17
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

occurs between
members of the same species (eg. two rabbits
competing for carrots).

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18
Q

Exploitation competition

A

is indirect and
occurs when resources are depleted. (eg.
cheetahs deplete gazelle population,
affecting lions).

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19
Q

Apparent competition

A

occurs when one

predator preys on two species.

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20
Q

Symbioisis

A

(living together) is a close, long-term

interaction between two organisms (symbionts).

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21
Q

Mutualism (+/+):

A

both organisms benefit (eg.

oxpecker bird eating ticks off rhino).

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22
Q

Commensalism (+/0):

A

one organism benefits
and the other is unaffected. (eg. jackal eating
tiger’s leftovers).

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23
Q

Parasitism (+/-):

A

one organism benefits at the
other’s expense. (eg. tapeworm in human
gastrointestinal tract).

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24
Q

food chain

A

linear depiction of what eats

what (eg. carrot → rabbit → fox → lion).

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25
Q

food web

A

expanded food chain depicting

interconnections between food chains.

26
Q

Trophic level:

A

an organism’s position within

a food chain or food web.

27
Q

Autotroph:

A

produces organic compounds
from abiotic factors (sunlight, water, CO2
,

etc.)

28
Q

Heterotroph:

A

must ingest organic

compounds to generate energy & survive.

29
Q

Invasive species:

A

species: non-native species that
outcompetes native species and overtakes
ecosystem.

30
Q

noninvasive species

A

non-native species
that survives in but does not overrun an
ecosystem.

31
Q

Who is at the lowest trophic level?

A

primary producers

32
Q

Example of primary producer

A

autotrophs

33
Q

what eats primary producers?

A

primary consumers

34
Q

What are primary consumers?

A

often herbivores. they eat primary producers

35
Q

What percentage of energy stored in trophic level is converted to organic tissue in the next trophic level as energy transfer

A

10 percent

36
Q

what is the ranking going from highest biomass to smallest biomass

A

producers- primary consumers- secondary consumers-tertiary consumers

37
Q

What do scavengers do

A

they are carnivores or herbivores that eat nother dead animals Ex. vultures and beetles)

38
Q

examples of decomposers

A

Saprophytes (plants,
fungi, microorganisms) decomposers that
consume dead or decaying organic material, and
work with scavengers in organic recycling.

39
Q

What is the most important decomposer

A

fungi and some bacteria decompose organism, forming detritus (feces and decomposing matter)

40
Q

What are detritivores

A

worms and slugs that consume detritus, exposing more organic material for decomposers

41
Q

Biotic potential:

A

species’ ability to undergo
its highest population growth (highest births,
lowest deaths) when conditions are ideal.

42
Q

Carrying capacity:

A

maximum population

size an ecosystem can sustain.

43
Q

K-selected species: examples

A 
humans and large mammals
long birth time
few large offsprings
long time to mature
significant parental investment 
high surivival rate and reproductive age
44
Q

r selected species: examples

A

insects, bacteria,
abundant, small offspring,
mature quickly, no parental investment, many do
not survive to reproductive age

45
Q

What kind of curve is k selected>

A

type 1 survivorship

46
Q

what kind of curve is r selected?

A

type 3 survivorship

47
Q

Explain about type 2 survivorship curve

A

survival
probability is constant regardless of age (eg.
hydra, some birds & small mammals, lizards).

48
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

process where an ecological community develops and changes over time.

49
Q

When does ecological succession happen?

A

occurs in a new habitat or after a disturbance

50
Q

What happens in primary succession?

A

happens after a large disturbance (volcanic eruption or on a a rocky terrian that has never supposed life)
It all happens on a substrate that completely lacks plant and animals life.

51
Q

What begins primary succession

A

pioneer species (eg lichen, fungi, and algae or a small plant will come plant itself)
pioneer species → thin soil → vascular plants
(grasses, shrubs) → larger plants (trees) →
animals

52
Q

What is the result of primary sucession?

A

climax community results. A steady
state is reached and a balance of species is
achieved.

53
Q

What is secondary sucession?

A

succession occurs on terrain that has
supported life previously but lost it to a big flood or fire. Follows the same step of primary succession except it begins with grasses and shrubs

54
Q

what is keystone species

A

Smaller number of species (lions, bears, killer whales) that keeps other species in check. NO overabundance happens due to one species.

55
Q

The aquatic biome is the _____ of earths biome and it consists of ____ of earths surface

A

largest

75 percent

56
Q

What is the aquatic biome divided into?

A 
freshwater biomes (~3%) and
saltwater biomes (~97%).
57
Q

What is an estuarie?

A

areas where freshwater meets saltwater

58
Q

How is the layers of the ocean divided

A

based on the amount of sunlight it receivesq

59
Q

Euphotic zone

A

(lots of sun) closet to the surface

allows for plant survival and photsynthesis

60
Q

littoral zone

A

area of the euphotic zone where sunlight penetrates all the way to the ocean floor

61
Q

disphotic zone

A

(little sun) not enough sun for sufficient plant growth
Bioluminescent
species produce light here.

62
Q

Aphotic zone

A

no light or photosynthetic
species. Some bioluminescent species. Select
fish can survive off of dead matter
descending to the ocean floor.

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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