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DAT BIO > DAT bio chapter 13 evolution > Flashcards

DAT bio chapter 13 evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution is the gradual development and
change of ______ (allele frequencies) in
populations over successive generations.
Evolution increases ______

A

heritable traits

biodiversity.

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2
Q

What is embyrology

A

embryological
similarities and differences between early
stages of related organisms. Eg. all chordates
have a gill slit during development.

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3
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

compares different

body parts of different animals:

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4
Q

Homologous structures:

A

may or may not
perform the same function but have a
common ancestor. eg. forearm of bird and
forearm of human.

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5
Q

Analogous structures:

A

same function, do
not have a common ancestor. eg. bird
wings and bat wings.

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6
Q

Vestigial structures:

A

serve no purpose
but are homologous to functional
structures in other organisms eg. human
appendix and cow cecum.

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7
Q

Biochemical methods allow for waht

A 
DNA
sequence comparisons.
Can see conserved
DNA sequences (higher similarity = higher
relatedness) and common conserved
pathways (eg. Krebs cycle).
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8
Q

Who proposed catastrophism?

A

Cuvier

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9
Q

What is catastrophism

A

mass extinctions of species in areas. different
populations in different areas were shaped
by what catastrophes had occurred, and
what random organisms then survived and
populated that area.

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10
Q

Who proposed use and disuse and inheritance of acquired traits

A

lamark

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11
Q

What is use and disuse?

A

used body parts will
develop and unused ones are weakened,
leading to evolution.

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12
Q

what is Inheritance of acquired traits:

A 
traits
acquired through use and disuse are
passed onto offspring (eg. giraffe
stretching neck will cause its neck to
develop, and produce long necked
offspring). This is incorrect - acquired
characteristics are generally not heritable.
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13
Q

What is natural selection?

A

gradual, non-random
process where allele frequencies change as a
result of environmental interaction.

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14
Q

What is survival of the fittest?

A

fittest occurs as individuals with greatest
fitness (ability to survive and produce viable
and fertile offspring) have greatest success, and
pass on more DNA to future generations
compared to less fit parents.
parents. Leads to the
evolution of the population (not individuals).

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15
Q

requirements for natural selection 1

A

Demand for resources exceeds supply:
results in competition for survival (fittest
survive to pass on genes).

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16
Q

requirements for natural selection 2

A

Difference in levels of fitness due to variation
in traits: differentiate ability to compete and
survive (eg. black peppered moths favored
over white moths during Industrial
Revolution).

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17
Q

requirements for natural selection 3

A

Variation in traits must be genetically-influenced (heritable) to be passed onto

offspring.

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18
Q

requirements for natural selection 4

A

Variation in traits must be significant for
reproduction and/or survival: genes
improving reproductive success/survival are
favored and increase over generations and
vice versa.

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19
Q

3 types of natural selection

A

stabilizing selection
directional selectin
disruptive selection

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20
Q

Stabilizing Selection:

A

mainstream (average)
is favored (eg. birth weight). Diagram follows
a standard bell curve.

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21
Q

directional selectin

A

one extreme favored
(eg. longest giraffe neck allows access to the
most leaves).

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22
Q

disruptive selection

A

Selection: rare traits favored,
mainstream is not. (eg. snails living in low
and high vegetation areas).

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23
Q

Sexual Selection:

A

non-random mating between
males and females. Females favor high quality
partners, males prefer high quantity of partners
to increase their number of offspring.
Note: traits selected for may be favorable for
reproduction but not for survival.

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24
Q

Artificial Selection:

A

carried out by humans to
selectively breed for specific traits (eg. dog
breeding).

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25
Q

What does hardy weinbery formula calculate?

A 
calculates genetic
frequency during genetic equilibrium (no
change in gene frequencies). If both equations
hold true, the population is under
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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26
Q

Mnemonic for the requirements for hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

(Mnemonic: Large, Random, M&M)
● Large population: minimizes genetic drift.
● Random mating
● No mutation
● No natural selection
● No migration (gene flow): population must
be isolated.

When conditions are not met, evolution occurs.

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27
Q

What is microevolution?

A

process when gene
frequencies change within a population over
generations (favorable genes increase,
unfavorable decrease).

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28
Q

Factors Causing Microevolution

A
  1. Genetic Drift: allele frequencies change by
    chance. Larger effects on small populations.
    ● Bottleneck effect: smaller gene pool,
    some alleles may be lost (eg. disaster
    killing majority of population).
    ● Founder effect: some individuals migrate
    away from the population.
  2. Non-random Mating: sexual selection,
    outbreeding, inbreeding.
  3. Mutations: can be dormant until
    environmental change allows it to flourish.
  4. Natural Selection: no luck involved
  5. Gene Flow: migration (non-random) moving
    alleles between populations, leading to
    variation through mixing.
29
Q

Sources of genetic variation

A
  1. Mutation: must not be fatal.
  2. Sexual Reproduction: crossing over,
    independent assortment and random joining
    of gametes.
  3. Balanced Polymorphism: maintains a
    variety of phenotypes within a population.
    ● Heterozygote advantage (eg. sickle Cell
    Anemia).
    ● Minority Advantage: rare phenotypes
    offer higher fitness. Cycle between high
    and low frequency. (eg. advantageous
    against hunters’ search images).
    ● Hybrid Advantage: Two strains of
    organisms produce more superior
    offspring.
    ● Neutral Variations: may become
    beneficial if the environment changes.
  4. Polyploidy: plants have multiple copies of
    alleles introducing more variety and
    preserving different alleles. Can also mask
    effects of a harmful recessive allele.
30
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

is long-term and occurs at a
level at or higher than species.
Species are
reproductively isolated (via prezygotic and
postzygotic isolating mechanisms) resulting in a
lack of gene flow between species.

31
Q

Prezygotic isolation (macroevolution)

A

prevents fertilization

from occuring between species.

32
Q

Types of prezygotic isolation

A 
Habitat Isolation: occupying different
habitats.
● Temporal Isolation: reproducing at
different times/seasons.
● Behavioral Isolation: different courtship
rituals.
● Mechanical Isolation: male and female
genitalia are not compatible.
● Gamete Isolation: gametes do not
recognize / fertilize each other (eg. zona
pellucida on mammalian oocytes).
33
Q

Postzygotic Isolation: (macroevolution

A

Isolation: backup in case hybrid

zygote forms.

34
Q

Types of postzygotic isolation

A 
● Hybrid Mortality: hybrid zygote
not-viable (often due to different
chromosome numbers).
● Hybrid Sterility: hybrid zygote sterile.
● Hybrid F2 Breakdown: offspring of
hybrids have decreased fitness.
35
Q

Speciation is how species form, starting with
________, which leads to
interruption of _____between populations
that gradually develop into _______

A

reproductive isolation
gene flow
two species.

36
Q

Allopatric Speciation: happens when

A

occurs due to a

geographical barrier.

37
Q

Type of allopatric speciation

A 
Adaptive Radiation: occurs when many
species arise from one ancestor as they
adapt differently to their environments.
During adaptive radiation, species can
specialize to fill different niches within
the same environment.
38
Q

Sympatric Speciation: happens when

A

occurs without a

geographical barrier.

39
Q

Types of sympatric speciation

A 
● Balanced Polymorphism: different
phenotypes are isolated within the same
area.
● Polyploidy: in plants results from
nondisjunction during meiosis. (eg. Two
3n organisms - usually sterile - meet and
are reproductively compatible).
● Hybridization: some hybrids are more fit
than purebreds.
40
Q

What is phyletic gradualism (theories of macroevolution)

A

evolution happened
gradually via accumulation of small
intermediary changes. Not likely to be true (not
supported by fossil evidence).

41
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium? (theories of macroevolution)

A

short spurts of
evolutionary changes during periods of stasis
(supported by fossil evidence).

42
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

species diverge from

common ancestor.

43
Q

What is Convergent Evolution (Homoplasy):

A

unrelated species adapt to similar
environments becoming more alike
(analogous structures).

44
Q

What is parallel evolution?

A

species diverge from a
common ancestor but undergo similar
changes.

45
Q

What is coevolution?

A

two species impart selective

pressure on each other.

46
Q

Types of coevolution?

A 
● Camouflage (cryptic coloration): match
appearance to environment to avoid
detection.
● Aposematic Coloration (warning
coloration): vibrant coloration in
poisonous animals to warn predators.
● Mimicry: evolving to resemble another
species. In Batesian mimicry a
non-harmful animal resembles a harmful
one. In Mullerian mimicry, two
poisonous animals resemble each other to
warn their predator.
47
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

branched diagram that
shows inferred evolutionary relationships
between different taxa. A clade is a cluster with
an ancestor and all its descendants.

48
Q

What is Cladogenesis

A 
refers to the splitting apart of
evolutionary lineages (formation of new clades).
49
Q

What is anagenesis?

A

describes the gradual evolution of

an interbreeding population without splitting.

50
Q

What is parsimony?

A

means the simpler the evolutionary
explanation, the better. Phylogenetic trees
minimizing evolutionary reversals, convergent
evolution and parallel evolution are preferred.

51
Q

Big bang timeline

A

14 billion

52
Q

earth is how old

A

4.5 billion

53
Q

prokaryotes are how old

A

3.5 billion

54
Q

eukaryotes are how old

A

2 billion

55
Q

earths current atmosphere has how much nitrogen oxygen and argon

A

● Nitrogen gas (most common) = 78%.
● Oxygen gas = 21%.
● Argon gas = 0.9%.
● Trace amounts of CO2

, methane, ozone.

56
Q

Primordial earth p1

Earth’s primordial atmosphere consisted of
_____ and ______ - it was a
reducing environment.

A

inorganic compounds

no oxygen

57
Q

Primordial earth p2

Earth cooled down, gases condensed to
form the _____

A

primordial sea

58
Q

Primordial earth p3

Simple compounds became more _____,
organic compounds ____

A

complex

formed.

59
Q

Primordial earth p4

Organic monomers became _____ to
form _____behave like proteins).

A

polymers

protenoids (

60
Q

Primordial earth p5

______ arose: precursors to cells. Had
microsomes (membrane-like) and proteinoids.

A

Protobionts

61
Q

Primordial earth p6-7

Heterotrophic prokaryotes form.
7. Autotrophic prokaryotes form (eg.
cyanobacteria - can photosynthesize).
● Important: The development of
autotrophs led to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ and its accumulation (oxidizing
environment forms).
A

production of

oxygen

62
Q

Primordial earth p 8

Oxygen accumulates, reacts with UV light to
form _____, which blocks UV. This
terminates _______.

A

ozone layer

abiotic chemical evolution

63
Q

Primordial earth p 9

Primitive eukaryotes form
● \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
membrane-bound organelles
(mitochondria, chloroplasts), once
free-living, were phagocytosed by other
prokaryotes and lived in symbiosis with
them as organelles.
A

Endosymbiotic theory:

64
Q

Primordial earth p 9

More _____ eukaryotes and multicellular
organisms begin to _____

A

complex

evolve.

65
Q

What is the organic soup theory

A

believed that oxygen in the
primordial atmosphere must have been too
reactive for organic chemicals to be produced,
and therefore oxygen must have been lacking in
the primordial atmosphere. Strong energy (eg.
lightning, volcanic heat, UV radiation) drove
reactions that formed organic compounds.

66
Q

Who proposed the organic soup theory

A

oparin and haldane

67
Q

what experiment mimicked the reducing environment proposed by opain and haldane?

A

Miller Urey experiment

68
Q

what was the miller urey experiment?

A

Set up a flask containing inorganic compounds
and simple organic compounds but no oxygen
(CH4
, NH3
, H2
, H2O) connected it to another flask
with electrodes (simulates lightning) and heated it
up (simulates high temperatures). Complex organic
compounds (amino acids, organic acids, but no
complete nucleic acids) were formed. Supports
the Organic “Soup” Theory.

DAT BIO (25 decks)

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