dani - hemodynamic dysfunction II

Question 1

____: an insoluble mass circulating the blood

Answer 1

embolus

Question 2

___: an occlusion or obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus

Answer 2

embolism

Question 3

3 types of embolism

Answer 3

thromboembolism
fat
air/gas

Question 4

____: fragmented or detached thrombi

Answer 4

thromboembolism

Question 5

thromboembolism occurs ___% of the time

Answer 5

98

Question 6

site of thromboembolism depends on origin (2)

Answer 6

pulmonary

systemic

Question 7

Pulmonary embolism:

emboli are derived from ____ of systemic veins

Answer 7

thrombi

Question 8

Pulmonary embolism:

large emboli –> impacted in ____ artery or its main branches –> ____ obstructions and sudden ____

Answer 8

pulmonary
circulatory
death

Question 9

Pulmonary embolism:

medium sized and small emboli –> no effect because blood supplied by ___ artery

Answer 9

bronchial

Question 10

Pulmonary embolism:

small end-artery embolus does result in associated infarction causing ____ and ___ pain

Answer 10

hemoptysis

chest

Question 11

Pulmonary embolism:

multiple emboli over time may cause ___ hypertension with ___ sided heart failure

Answer 11

pulmonary

right

Question 12

systemic embolism:

- emboli are derived from ___ thrombi

Answer 12

mural

Question 13

systemic embolism:

- mural thrombi due to ___ ___

Answer 13

myocardial infarction

Question 14

systemic embolism:

- mitral ___ and atrial ____

Answer 14

stenosis

fibrillation

Question 15

systemic embolism:

- aortic ___ or ___ plaque

Answer 15

aneurysm

atheromatous

Question 16

___ embolism: second most frequent type of emboli

Answer 16

fat

Question 17

____ embolism: fat globules enter blood after fracture or long bones or extensive trauma to fatty tissue

Answer 17

fat

Question 18

fat embolism (more than 20u)
- arrested in lung --> \_\_\_\_

Answer 18

dyspnea

Question 19

fat embolism (less than 20u)

• pass to ___ circulation
• arrested in brain: 3
• arrested in skin: 2

Answer 19

- systemic
BRAIN
- ischemia
- necrosis
SKIN
- hemorrhage
- hemorrhagic rash
- thrombocytopenia

Question 20

diagnosis of a fat embolism

• clinically:
• • ___ distress
• • ___ dysfunction
• • ____ rash more than 1-3 days after trauma

Answer 20

respiratory
cerebral
skin

Question 21

diagnosis of a fat embolism

- fat globules in ____ and ___

Answer 21

sputum

urine

Question 22

air embolism

• air enters
• air passes to ____ ____ and mixes with blood
• frothy mass that obstructs (excess of ___mL of air is required)

Answer 22

right ventricle

Question 23

gas (nitrogen) embolus occurs in ____ disease and ____ sickness

Answer 23

caisson

decompression

Question 24

gas emboli in the brain causes ___

Answer 24

necrosis

Question 25

gas emboli in muscles and nerves causes severe ____ and ___

Answer 25

contractions | pain

Question 26

gas emboli in the lung causes ____

Answer 26

dyspnea

Question 27

_____: area of localized ischemic necrosis produced either by occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

Answer 27

infarction

Question 28

pale, white, anemic infarct | - arterial obstruction in ___ organs with poor _____ circulation

Answer 28

solid | collateral

Question 29

pale, white, anemic infarct | occurs in 4 places

Answer 29

spleen heart kidney brain

Question 30

red, hemorrhagic infarct - obstruction of ___ outflow and congestion - ____ organs - organ with ___ blood supply or collateral vessels - twisted pedicle of ___ or ____

Answer 30

``` venous loose double ovaries testis ```

Question 31

septic infarct - ___ embolus - organs normally containing ____ - ___ from blood

Answer 31

infected bacteria bacteria

Question 32

___: decreased tissue perfusion associated with decrease in effective cardiac output

Answer 32

shock

Question 33

3 types of shock

Answer 33

cardiogenic hypovolemic due to peripheral sequestration of BV

Question 34

___ shock: decreased CO due to heart failure

Answer 34

cardiogenic

Question 35

4 examples of cardiogenic shock

Answer 35

myocardial infarction massive pulmonary embolism cardiac tamponade arrhythmias

Question 36

____ shock: decreased CO due to decreased BV

Answer 36

hypovolemic

Question 37

2 examples of hypovolemic shock

Answer 37

hemorrhage | fluid loss

Question 38

___ shock: endotoxin of gram negative bacteria

Answer 38

septic

Question 39

____ shock: chemjcal mediators of allergy

Answer 39

anaphylactic

Question 40

____ shock: anesthesia, spinal cord injury

Answer 40

neurogenic

Question 41

3 stages of shock

Answer 41

compensation impaired tissue perfusion irreversible stage

Question 42

compensation stage of shock | - decreased CO --> mild ___ --> reflex ___ stimulation --> ____

Answer 42

hypotension sympathetic tachycardia

Question 43

peripheral vasoconstriction - skin: ____ and ____ - renal arterioles: ____ glomerular filtration --> ___ urine output

Answer 43

cold and clammy decreased decreased

Question 44

prolonged vasoconstriction in the stage of impaired perfusion of shock - promotes ___ glycolysis --> ___ __

Answer 44

anaerobic | lactic acidosis

Question 45

irreversible stage of shock | - failure of peripheral ___ --> ___ --> fall in BP and impairment of perfusion of brain and heart

Answer 45

vasoconstriction | vasodilation

Question 46

recovery from shock - ___ age - ___ general health - availability of ___ treatment

Answer 46

younger good early

Question 47

progression of shock - ___ in treatment - ___ age - ___ health - ___ as infection and necrosis

Answer 47

delay old poor complication