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T3 - patho unit 2 > dani - hemodynamic dysfunction II > Flashcards

dani - hemodynamic dysfunction II Flashcards

1
Q

____: an insoluble mass circulating the blood

A

embolus

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2
Q

___: an occlusion or obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus

A

embolism

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3
Q

3 types of embolism

A

thromboembolism
fat
air/gas

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4
Q

____: fragmented or detached thrombi

A

thromboembolism

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5
Q

thromboembolism occurs ___% of the time

A

98

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6
Q

site of thromboembolism depends on origin (2)

A

pulmonary

systemic

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7
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

emboli are derived from ____ of systemic veins

A

thrombi

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8
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

large emboli –> impacted in ____ artery or its main branches –> ____ obstructions and sudden ____

A

pulmonary
circulatory
death

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9
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

medium sized and small emboli –> no effect because blood supplied by ___ artery

A

bronchial

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10
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

small end-artery embolus does result in associated infarction causing ____ and ___ pain

A

hemoptysis

chest

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11
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

multiple emboli over time may cause ___ hypertension with ___ sided heart failure

A

pulmonary

right

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12
Q

systemic embolism:

- emboli are derived from ___ thrombi

A

mural

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13
Q

systemic embolism:

- mural thrombi due to ___ ___

A

myocardial infarction

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14
Q

systemic embolism:

- mitral ___ and atrial ____

A

stenosis

fibrillation

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15
Q

systemic embolism:

- aortic ___ or ___ plaque

A

aneurysm

atheromatous

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16
Q

___ embolism: second most frequent type of emboli

A

fat

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17
Q

____ embolism: fat globules enter blood after fracture or long bones or extensive trauma to fatty tissue

A

fat

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18
Q 
fat embolism (more than 20u)
- arrested in lung --> \_\_\_\_
A

dyspnea

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19
Q

fat embolism (less than 20u)

  • pass to ___ circulation
  • arrested in brain: 3
  • arrested in skin: 2
A 
- systemic
BRAIN
- ischemia
- necrosis
SKIN
- hemorrhage
- hemorrhagic rash
- thrombocytopenia
20
Q

diagnosis of a fat embolism

  • clinically:
    • ___ distress
    • ___ dysfunction
    • ____ rash more than 1-3 days after trauma
A

respiratory
cerebral
skin

21
Q

diagnosis of a fat embolism

- fat globules in ____ and ___

A

sputum

urine

22
Q

air embolism

  • air enters
  • air passes to ____ ____ and mixes with blood
  • frothy mass that obstructs (excess of ___mL of air is required)
A

right ventricle

23
Q

gas (nitrogen) embolus occurs in ____ disease and ____ sickness

A

caisson

decompression

24
Q

gas emboli in the brain causes ___

A

necrosis

25
Q

gas emboli in muscles and nerves causes severe ____ and ___

A

contractions

pain

26
Q

gas emboli in the lung causes ____

A

dyspnea

27
Q

_____: area of localized ischemic necrosis produced either by occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

A

infarction

28
Q

pale, white, anemic infarct

- arterial obstruction in ___ organs with poor _____ circulation

A

solid

collateral

29
Q

pale, white, anemic infarct

occurs in 4 places

A

spleen
heart
kidney
brain

30
Q

red, hemorrhagic infarct

  • obstruction of ___ outflow and congestion
  • ____ organs
  • organ with ___ blood supply or collateral vessels
  • twisted pedicle of ___ or ____
A 
venous
loose
double
ovaries
testis
31
Q

septic infarct

  • ___ embolus
  • organs normally containing ____
  • ___ from blood
A

infected
bacteria
bacteria

32
Q

___: decreased tissue perfusion associated with decrease in effective cardiac output

A

shock

33
Q

3 types of shock

A

cardiogenic
hypovolemic
due to peripheral sequestration of BV

34
Q

___ shock: decreased CO due to heart failure

A

cardiogenic

35
Q

4 examples of cardiogenic shock

A

myocardial infarction
massive pulmonary embolism
cardiac tamponade
arrhythmias

36
Q

____ shock: decreased CO due to decreased BV

A

hypovolemic

37
Q

2 examples of hypovolemic shock

A

hemorrhage

fluid loss

38
Q

___ shock: endotoxin of gram negative bacteria

A

septic

39
Q

____ shock: chemjcal mediators of allergy

A

anaphylactic

40
Q

____ shock: anesthesia, spinal cord injury

A

neurogenic

41
Q

3 stages of shock

A

compensation
impaired tissue perfusion
irreversible stage

42
Q

compensation stage of shock

- decreased CO –> mild ___ –> reflex ___ stimulation –> ____

A

hypotension
sympathetic
tachycardia

43
Q

peripheral vasoconstriction

  • skin: ____ and ____
  • renal arterioles: ____ glomerular filtration –> ___ urine output
A

cold and clammy
decreased
decreased

44
Q

prolonged vasoconstriction in the stage of impaired perfusion of shock
- promotes ___ glycolysis –> ___ __

A

anaerobic

lactic acidosis

45
Q

irreversible stage of shock

- failure of peripheral ___ –> ___ –> fall in BP and impairment of perfusion of brain and heart

A

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

46
Q

recovery from shock

  • ___ age
  • ___ general health
  • availability of ___ treatment
A

younger
good
early

47
Q

progression of shock

  • ___ in treatment
  • ___ age
  • ___ health
  • ___ as infection and necrosis
A

delay
old
poor
complication

T3 - patho unit 2 (8 decks)

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