Dani - hemodynamic dysfunction II Flashcards
1
Q
____: accumulation of excess fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces and body cavities
A
edema
2
Q
___: edema in the pleural cavity
A
hydrothorax
3
Q
___: fluid in the peritoneal cavity
A
ascites
4
Q
____: fluid in the pericardial cavity
A
hydropericardium
5
Q
edema can be ___ or ___
A
local
generalized
6
Q
pitting edema: ___ of the fluid filled tissue
A
inelasticity
7
Q
colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma proteins tries to bring blood back into the ____
A
capillary
8
Q
increase capillary hydrostatic pressure = protein poor ____
A
transudate
9
Q
increase capillary permeability = protein rich ____
A
exudate
10
Q
_____ edema: increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
A
hemodynamic
11
Q
______ edema: increase capillary permeability
A
inflammatory
12
Q
decrease collodial osmotic pressure of plasma protein in the liver = _____ protein synthesis
A
decrease
13
Q
decrease collodial osmotic pressure of plasma protein in the kidney = ____ syndrome
A
nephrotic
14
Q
increase tissue osmotic pressure = ____ retention
A
sodium
15
Q
____: obstruction of lymphatics
A
lymphedema
16
Q
obstruction of lymphatics = malignancy, surgery, radiation therapy and ____
A
filariasis
17
Q
___: massive lymphedema of the scrotum and left lower extremity
A
elephantiasis
18
Q
generalized edema caused by the heart
- left ventricular failure
- ____ renal blood flow
- secretion of ___
- increase ____ production
- retention of ___ and ___
- ___ blood volume
- EDEMA
A
decreased renin aldosterone sodium; water increased
19
Q
generalized edema caused by the heart
- right ventricular failure
- ____ venous pressure
- ____ reabsorption of tissue fluids
- EDEMA
A
increased
decreased
20
Q
generalized edema caused by the kidneys
- acute glomerulonephritis
- ___ GFR
- ___ and ___ retention
- EDEMA
A
decreased
sodium; water
21
Q
generalized edema caused by the kidneys
- massive ____
- ___ colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma protein
- EDEMA
A
proteinuria
decreased
22
Q
acute nephritis
- degree of edema
A
slight
23
Q
nephrotic syndrome
- degree of edema
A
massive
24
Q
acute nephritis
- distribution
A
loose tissue as in around eyes and ankles
25
nephrotic syndrome
| - distribution
more generalized
26
acute nephritis
| - degree of proteinuria
moderate
27
nephrotic syndrom
| - degree of proteinuria
gross
28
acute nephritis
| - colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma proteins is ____
noraml
29
nephrotic syndrome
| - colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma proteins is ____
decreased
30
acute nephritis
| - cause of edema
fluid retention
31
nephrotic syndrome
| - cause of edema
decreased plasma osmotic pressure
32
hepatic (liver)
- decreased protein synthesis and portal hypertension
- ___ colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
- EDEMA
decreased
33
nutritional
- protein malnutrition
- ____ colloidal osmotic pressure of plasma proteins
- EDEMA
decreased
34
inflammatory edema
- ____ cascular permeability
- ___ hydrostatic pressure to arteriolar dilation (=exudate)
increase
| increase
35
edema due to localized venous obstruction
- ___ hydrostatic pressure
- leads to ____, ___ ___, and ___
increased
thrombosis
varicose veins
compression
36
edema due to lymph obstruction
- surgery, cancer, parasites
- early stage, edema is ____
- later, edema becomes ____, _____ and __-___
pitting
fibrosed
thickened
non-pitting
37
pulmonary edema caused by ___ ____ heart failure
left sided
38
__ ___: absence of lymph drainage in the brain predisposes to edema formation
cerebral edema
39
cause of cerebral edema
trauma
inflammation
neoplasms
vascular lesions
40
cerebral edema can cause death by compression of __ ___
cardiorespiratory centers
41
____: increase of blood due to active arterial dilation (can be physiologic/pathologic)
hyperemia
42
___: passive increase of blood due to impaired venous drainage
congestion
43
localized congestion: due to ___ obstruction
venous
44
generalized congestion: ___ heart failure
right
45
physiologic hyperemia: ____ ____ ___
muscles during exercise
46
pathologic hyperemia: ___
inflammation
47
pulmonary congestion:
- ____ ventricular failure
- alveolar ____ are engorged, dilated and tortuous
- alveolar macrophages engulf _____
- migrate to interstitial tissue and lymph nodes
- death of macrophages releases ____ in interstitial fluid
- ___ and ___
- ____ ___ of the lung
```
left
capillaries
hemosiderin
hemosiderin
irritation; fibrosis
brown induration
```
48
liver congestion:
| - ____ veins and ____ part of sinudoids ____
central
| central
49
liver cells during liver congestion (early)
- central zone: _____
- peripheral zone: ____ liver; ___ change
atrophy
nutmeg
fatty
50
liver cells during liver congestion (late)
- central: ___ and ____
- contraction of fibrous tissue --> cardiac ____
necrosis;fibrosis
| cirrhosis
51
splenic congestion
- liver __, portal ___
- venous sinuses ___ and ___ with blood
- hemorrhagic foci and ____ deposit
cirrhosis; hypertension
enlarged; distended
hemosiderin
52
____: a solid mass formed from blood constituents within heart and blood vessels during life
thrombus
53
thrombosis
- formation of ___ ___
- ___ of blood
- ____
platelet plug
coagulation
fibrinolysis
54
formation of platelet plug
- injury of endothelium exposes ____ collagen
- adhesion of ___ to exposed collagen
- ___ ___ ___: secretion of ADP
- platelet ____
subendothelial
platelets
platelet release reaction
aggregation
55
coagulation of blood
- activation of ___ ___
- activates ___ pathway
- tissue ____ released by injury
- activates ___ pathway
- deposition of fibrin = __ ___ plug
```
hageman factor
intrinsic
thromboplastin
extrinsic
platelet fibrin
```
56
_____: prevents excess thrombus formation
fibrinolysis
57
3 important factors are involved in hemostasis
- ___ cell
- Blood ___
- ____ factors
endothelial
platelet
coagulation
58
endothelial cells: release ___ or ____ factors
antithrombotic
| thrombotic
59
intact endothelial cells:
- __-___ properties
- ___-____ properties
- _____ properties
anti-platelet
anti-coagulant
fibrinolytic
60
anti-platelet properties of endothelial cells
- isolate ___ from subendothelial collagen
- synthesize ____
- metabolize ___
platelet
prostacyclin
ADP
61
anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells
- __-like molecules
- help ___ thrombin
heparin
| inactivate
62
fibrinolytic properties of endothelial cells
| - synthesize ___ activator
plaminogen
63
intact endothelial cells prevent ____
thrombus
64
injured endothelial cells ___ thrombosis
initiate
65
injured endothelial cells synthesize ___ ___ factor
von Willbrand's
66
injured endothelial cells release tissue factors = _____
thromboplastin
67
release of tissue factor activates ___ clotting pathway
extrinsic
68
platelets derived from cytoplasmic fragmentation of ___
megakaryocytes
69
platelets average amount
| ___-____/mm cubed
150,000-400,000
70
platelets play an essential role in ____
thrombosis
71
platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen mediated by ____ ___ factor
von Willebrand's
72
release reaction by platelets: secretion of ___ and ___ leads to aggregation of platelets into stable mass
ADP
thromboxane
aggregation
73
coagulation is confined to site of injury through:
- natural ___-___
- removal of ___ factors
- ___
anti-thrombin
activation
dilution
74
predisposing factors to thrombogenesis
- ___ injury
- alteration of normal ___ ___
- ____-____ of blood
endothelial
blood flow
hyper-coagulability
75
5 causes of endothelial injury
```
trauma
inflammation
bacterial toxins
atherosclerosis
myocardial infarction
```
76
stasis - ___ thrombi
venous
77
turbulence - ___ thrombi
arterial
78
6 causes to hypercoagulability of blood
- extensive burns
- shock
- oral contraceptives
- late months of pregnancy
- retained dead fetus, premature detachment of placenta
- visceral carcinoma
79
arterial thrombi occur in 3 places
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
80
arterial thrombi character:
| - ___ ___ ___: grey red mass with apparent laminations
lines of zahn
81
lines of zahn - grey areas are the pale layers of fused ____ and ___
platelets
| fibrin
82
lines of zahn - red areas are dark layers of ____
RBCs
83
non-occlusive arterial thrombi are located in ___ and ___
heart
| aorta
84
occlusive arterial thrombi are located in ___ ___
smaller vessels
85
vegetative arterial thrombi are located in ___ ___
cardiac valves
86
venous thrombi commonly in veins of ___ ___
lower limbs
87
venous thrombi are characterized by ___ with poor ____
RBCs
| laminations
88
venous thrombi are almost always ____
occlusive
89
___: accumulate more platelets and fibrin to obstruct a critical vessel
propagation
90
____: re-establishment of lumen (fibrinolytic activity)
fibrinolysis
91
____: partial or complete detachment of thrombi
thromboembolism
92
____: inward growth of granulation tissue
organization
93
____: capillaries of granulation tissues form anastomosing channels
recanalization
