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T3- Cardio respiratory > Dani - ch 9 > Flashcards

Dani - ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac and skeletal muscle both fibers have a ___ appearance

A

striated

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2
Q

cardiac and skeletal muscle both rely on the opening of ___ ___ channels to initiate the action potential for contraction

A

fast sodium

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3
Q

cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction both are based on ____ filaments

A

sliding

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4
Q

cardiac muscle is most similar to ___ __ fibers

A

type I

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5
Q

Type I fibers are ___ twitch fibers, have more ___, and have ____ conducting neurons

A

slow
mitochondria
slow

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6
Q

cardiac muscle is ___ while skeletal is ____

A

involuntary

voluntary

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7
Q

cardiac fibers are interconnected by ___ disks

A

intercalated

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8
Q

the heart is divided into two functional ____ which allows the atria to contract before the ventricles

A

synctia

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9
Q

cardiac muscle has ___ ___ channels that must open to achieve action potentials

A

slow calcium

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10
Q

slow calcium channels of cardiac muscles cause a ____ in the action potential

A

plateau

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11
Q

duration of cardiac contraction is ~___ times longer for cardiac muscle than skeletal muscle

A

10

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12
Q

intercalated disks serve to fuse the cells together to form ___ ___ allowing for rapid diffusion of ions

A

gap junctions

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13
Q

gap junctions allow the action potential to travel rapidly from one cardiac ___ to the next

A

myoctye

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14
Q

at rest, the intracellular surface is ~___mV and if threshold is reached, it continues to ____mV at the peak of the AP

A

-85

20

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15
Q

for cardiac muscle, once the AP spikes at about ____mV, it begins to repolarize but ____ before it completely repolarizes

A

20

plateaus

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16
Q

the plateau is the reason why cardiac contraction is significantly ____ than skeletal

A

longer

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17
Q

phase 0 of AP

- opening of ___ ____ channels –> rapid _____

A

fast sodium

depolarization

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18
Q

phase 1 of AP

- at peak, repolarization begins = short ____ interval betweek peak and beginning of plateau

A

downward

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19
Q

phase 2 of AP

- opening of ___ ___ channels and continues sodium influx = ____

A

slow calcium

plateau

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20
Q

phase 2 of AP

- when slow calcium channels open, decrease outflux of sodium –> ____

A

plateau

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21
Q

phase 3 of AP

- ___ ____ channels close so increase of potassium outflow –> rapid ____

A

slow calcium

repolarization

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22
Q

___ ____ ___: the interval during the AP when a “normal” electrical impulse cannot re-excite the already excited area

A

absolute refractory period

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23
Q

___ ___ ___: a stronger than normal stimulus can re-excite the area

A

relative refractory period

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24
Q

there is no ___ ___ in cardiac muscle from premature contractions

A

wave summation

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25
Q

unlike skeletal myofibrils, cardiac myocytes rely on ___ ____ for contraction to occur

A

extracellular calcium

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26
Q

extracellular calcium enter the cardiac __ ____ and then enter the ___ via voltage gated calcium channels

A

t-tubules

sarcoplam

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27
Q

the influx of calcium activates the ____ recpetors on the SR membrane which triggers the SR to release ____

A

ryanodine

calcium

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28
Q

at the end of contraction, calcium is pumped back into the SR via the ___-____ pump

A

calcium-ATPase

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29
Q

calcium exits the sarcoplasm via the ___-___ exchanger

A

sodium-calcium

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30
Q

the sodium entering through the sodium-calcium pump is transported back out of the cell via ____-___ exchange pump

A

sodium-potassium

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31
Q

sodium-potassium pump

  • __ sodium out
  • __ potassium in
A

3

2

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32
Q

duration of atrial contraction

A

.2 sec

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33
Q

duration of ventricular contraction

A

.3sec

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34
Q

____ ____: series of events that occur from the onset of one heart beat to the beginning of the next heart beat

A

cardiac cycle

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35
Q

cardiac cycle is often defined as __ wave to __ wave

A

P

P

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36
Q

calculate total duration of a single cardiac cycle as a ___ of ___ ____

A

reciprocal

heart rate

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37
Q

RHR = __/___

A

1/HR

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38
Q

duration of systole at rest is about __% of total duration

A

40

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39
Q

when HR increases, the total duration of cardiac cycle decreases but the relative time spent in ventricular systole actually ___

A

increases

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40
Q

duration of systole at elevated HR is about __% of total duration

A

65

41
Q

1st heart sound is marked by the ___ valves closing

A

AV

42
Q

isovolumic contraction after the ___ valve close and before the ___ valve opens

A

AV

aortic

43
Q

isovolumic relaxation is after the ___ valves close and before ___ valve opens

A

aortic

AV

44
Q

you have to have ventricular contraction for the ___ valve to open

A

aortic

45
Q

QRS complex happens during the ___ heart sound

A

1st

46
Q

as ventricle contrace, the AV valves close = ___ heart sound

A

first

47
Q

first heart sound is ___ pitched and ___ lasting

A

low

long

48
Q

at the end of ventricular systole, the aortic and pulmonary valves snap shut = __ heart sound

A

2nd

49
Q

2nd heart sound is ____

A

short

50
Q

at the end of rapid filling. the AV valves opened and blood rushes from the atrium to the ventricles, the ventricle walls expand and is though it is the sound of blood against the ventricle walls = ___ heart sound

A

3rd

51
Q

3rd heart sound = often ___ heard

A

isnt

52
Q

p wave = depolarization of the ___

A

atria

53
Q

p wave = atrial contraction follows which causes a slight ___ on the atrial pressure curve

A

increase

54
Q

QRS complex = depolarization of the ___

A

ventricles

55
Q

QRS complex = ventricular contraction follows causing the significant ____ on the ventricular pressure curve

A

increase

56
Q

T wave = repolarization of the ____ occurs before ventricular contraction is complete

A

ventricles

57
Q

T wave = followed by relaxation of ventricles with a significant ____ on the ventricular pressure curve

A

decrease

58
Q

isovolumetric contraction = when ventricular ___ begins; ventricular pressure must rapidly ___ to build up pressure to push open the ___ valves against arterial pressure

A

contraction
increase
semilunar

59
Q

isovolumetric contraction = tension has ___ without a shortening of the cardiac fibers

A

increased

60
Q

2 periods of ejection

A

rapid

slow

61
Q

rapid ejection = ventricular pressure reaches __mmHg which pushes open the semilunar valves

A

80

62
Q

rapid ejection = about __% of the blood volume that is ejected during a single contraction pours out of the ventricles during the first __/__ of the ejection period

A

70

1/3

63
Q

slow ejection = the remaining __% of the blood volume ejected takes the remaining __/__ of the ejection period

A

30

2/3

64
Q

isovolumetric relaxation = at the end of ventricular ___, intraventricular pressure ___ rapidly and the pressure in the great arteries ___ which pushes blood back toward the ventricles and the semilunar valves ___ ___

A

contraction
decreases
increase
snap shut

65
Q

isovolumetric relaxation = ventricular volume ___ changed, the ventricles _____. intraventricular pressures continue to ____ rapidly and the ___ valves open to begin filling ventricles again

A

hasn’t
relax
decrease
AV

66
Q

first 1/3 of filling of the ventricles is called ____ filling

A

rapid

67
Q

during systole, AV valves are closed so when systole ends and the pressure in the ventricles ___ and the blood accumulated in the atria ___ atrial pressure and pushes the ___ valves open so blood rapidly flows into the ventricles

A

decrease
increase
AV

68
Q

second 1/3 of ventricular filling = blood returning to the heart continues to pass ____ through the atria into the ventricles

A

directly

69
Q

last 1/3 of ventricular filling = ___ contract giving last push of blood into the ventricles. accounts for about __% of total filling

A

atria

20

70
Q

a wave of atrial pressure changes = caused by ___ contraction so occurs after the ___ wave on the ECG

A

atrial

P

71
Q

c wave of atrial pressure changes = caused by beginning of ___ contraction

A

ventricular

72
Q

c wave of atrial pressure changes = rapid ___ in ventricular pressure causes the closed ___ valves to bulge back toward the atria

A

increase

AV

73
Q

v wave of atrial pressure changes = occurs at the end of ___ contraction while the ___ valves are still closed as more blood is returning to the atria from the great veins

A

ventricular

AV

74
Q

blood returning to the heart from the great veins first goes to the atria but __% passes right through the open ___ valves into the ventricles

A

80

AV

75
Q

the atria are called ___ pumps because the ___ of these upper chambers only provides the last __% to fill the ventricles

A

primer
contraction
20

76
Q

if the atria fail to contract properly, there __ enough blood in the ventricles to pump to the peripheral organs to meet the demands under resting conditions

A

is

77
Q

aorta and systemic arteries work at a __ pressure compared to the pulmonary arteries

A

higher

78
Q

pressure in the ventricles has to be more than the ___ pressure

A

aortic

79
Q

after the peak of the ejection period, aortic pressure begins to ___ similar to the __ in ventricular pressure

A

decrease

decrease

80
Q

when aortic valve closes there is a slight __ in pressure called the ___

A

incisure

81
Q

incisura is caused by the cessation of ___ of blood when the valve snaps shut

A

backflow

82
Q

___ ____ ___ = at the end of ventricular diastole, the volume of blood in each ventricle ~120mmHg

A

end diastolic volume

83
Q

___ ___ ___ = the volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction is ~50mmHg

A

end systolic volume

84
Q

___ ___ = the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole is ~70mmHg

A

stroke volume

85
Q

___ ___ = the fraction of the EDV that is ejected during systole

A

ejection fraction

86
Q

ways to increase SV during exercise=

  • ___ EDV w/ ___ heart
  • ___ ESV
A

increase
stronger
ESV

87
Q

___ and ___: terms used to assess the contractile properties of a muscle fiber

A

preload

afterload

88
Q

___ = tension on the muscle fibers at the onset of contraction

A

preload

89
Q

preload is the ___ pressure resulting resulting from EDV

A

diastolic

90
Q

___ = the pressure in the LV to overcome the pressure in the aorta the ventricle can eject blood into the aorta

A

afterload

91
Q

cardiac muscle has a high number of ___

A

mitochondria

92
Q

heart metabolizeds ___ ___, __ and __

A

FA
glucose
lactate

93
Q

___ ___: the additional work required for a contraction to move toward completely emptying the LV

A

potential work

94
Q

__-__% of chemical energy is converted into work energy and ___-__% to heat

A

20-25

75-80

95
Q

avg person pumps __-__ liters of blood out of the heart per minute which is CO

A

4-6

96
Q

__ ___: amount of blood flowing into the RA from the great veins

A

venous return

97
Q

sympathetic stimulation increases ___ __ and __ __

A

heart rate

stroke volume

98
Q

PS stimulation: serves to ___ the heart rate

A

slow

99
Q

vagal stimulation primarily effects the ___

A

atria

T3- Cardio respiratory (8 decks)

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