Dani - ch 16 Flashcards
gas exchange and nutrient/waste product exchange occurs between blood int he ___ and the tissues
microcirculation
microcirculation primarily includes the ___ to ____square meters of capillaries
500-700
terminal areterioles are called ____
metarterioles
metarterioles are where the arterioles branch down to the ___
capillary
where the metarteriole meets the capillary, the SM fibers form the ___ ___ which can open or close the opening of the capillary
precapillary sphincter
___ ___ of the tissues controls the blood flow according to tissue needs because the metarteriole and precapillary sphincter are close in contact
local conditions
control of blood flow is based on ___ or ___ the diameter of the blood vessel
increasing
decreasing
___ ____: single celled, highly permeable layer of endothelium surrounded by a thin basement membrane
capillary wall
___ between individual cells that make up the capillary wall allow for small nutrient molecules and plasma fluid to leave the capillary
pores
blood cells and plasm are too ___ to fit through the pores
big
___ ___: thing, curving channels between cells
intercellular cleft
water, water-soluble ions and small solutes can ___ through intercellular clefts
diffuse
___: formed on the cell membrane from proteins associated with cholesterol and other lipid materials
caveolae
caveolae play a ___ role by engulfing small packets of plasm, or extra cellular fluid with plasma proteins, and transporting it slowly through the endothelium
transcytosis
brain has ___ ___ only allow extremely small molecules in or out
tight junction
liver - has ___ pores so that even plasm proteins can pass
large
GI tact - ___ than liver but ___ than brain
smaller
larger
kidney - contain windows called ___ which also tremendous amounts of small ions, but not large plasma proteins, to pass so the kidneys can filter blood rapidly
fenestrae
___ is the type of blood flow through the capillaries
vasomotion
blood flow is not ___, it flows ____
continuous
intermittently
the cause of vasomotion is intermittent opening and closing of ___ and ___ ___
metarterioles
precapillary sphincters
regulation of vasomotion is primarily controlled by the ___ concentration in the tissues
oxygen
when tissues use oxygen at a greater rate, oxygen concentration ____ thus intermittent periods of floow occure ___ often
decrease
more
___ is the primary method of transfer of water and dissolved ions between the capillaries and interstitial space
diffusion
____ ___: space between cells and contains the fluid that provides a water environment for cells
interstitial space
diffusion results from the ___ ___ of water molecules and dissolved ions as they randomly move in all directions between the capillary membrane and the interstitial space
thermal motion
lipid soluble substances has an effect on ___
diffusion
lipid soluble substances can diffuse ____ through the capillary membrane and dont have to go through the ___
directly
pores
lipid soluble substances are ___ and ____
oxygen
carbon dioxide
lipid soluble substances - because they can diffuse directly across the membrane, they can diffuse at a much ___ rate than lipid- insoluble substances
faster
water soluble and lipid insoluble substances must pass through intercellular ___ or ___ that are located between the endothelial cells of the capillary membrane
pores
cleft
water soluble and lipid insoluble substances include ___ molecules, ____ ions, ___ ions and ___
water
sodium
chloride
glucose
water soluble and lipid insoluble substances have an effect on ____
diffusion
permeability of capillary pores to substances of varying size has an effect on ___ rate
diffusion
the smaller the diameter of the molecule, the ___ it will diffuse; intermediate diameter molecules diffuse at a ___ rate
faster
slower
larger molecules are not permeable in most organ cells but the ___ has pores large enough - thus, capillary permeability can vary depending on the ___ of the organ
liver
function
substances will move more rapidly the ___ the difference in concentration between the area of ___ concentration and the area of ___ concentration
greater
higher
lower
____: collective of spaces located between all cells in the body
interstitium
interstitium makes up about __/__ of total body volume
1/6
interstitium contains 2 solid structures:
- ___ ___ bundles
- ____ filaments
collagen fiber bundles
proteoglycan filaments
collagen fiber bundles are in the interstitium to provide ___ strength against cells
tensile
proteoglycan filaments are thin filaments in the interstitium that form a mat to prove more ___
substance
collagen fiber bundles and proteoglycan filaments keep cells in ____
suspension
concentration of proteins is ___ in the interstitial fluid than in the plasm
lower
interstitial fluid is the consistency of ___
gel
bc of the consistency of the interstitial fluid, molecules do not flow through, they diffuse through ___ by ___
molecule
molecule
there are small ___ of “free” fluid that an flow ffreely in the interstitial fluid
rivulets
when there is edema, the rivulets of free fluid in the interstitial fluid ___ tremendously
increase
the blood pressure in the capillaries tends to force fluids and dissolved ions through the capillary pores into the interstitial fluid = ____
filtration
osmotic pressure caused by the plasma proteins inside the capillary cause fluid movement by osmosis from the interstitial fluid into the blood = ___
absorption
the balance of filtration and absorption prevents significant fluid ___ from the blood into the interstitial fluid
loss
osmotic pressure causes things to go ___
in
blood pressure causes things to go __
out
___ ____: forces that determine if fluid will move out of the blood to the interstitial fluid or from the interstitial fluid to the blood
starling forces
____ pressure: tends to force fluid outward from the blood
capillary pressure
___ ___ pressure: tends to force fluid into the blood when positive and outward if negative
interstitial fluid pressure
___ ___ ____ pressure: tends to cause osmosis of fluid into the blood
plasma colloid osmotic
___ ____ ___ ___ pressure: tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward from blood
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic
if the sum of the starling forces is positive, it will favor _____ from the ___ to ___
filtration
blood to interstitial fluid
if the sum of the starling forces is negative, it will favor ___ from the ____ to ____
absorption
plasma
interstitial fluid
net filtration pressure = ____ - ___ - ____ + ____
capillary pressure
interstitial fluid pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
___ pressure forces fluids out of the blood on the arteriole end of the capillary
hydrostatic
because of the higher concentration of plasma proteins in the blood, this creates the ___ ___ ___ pressure which re-absorbs water back into the blood via osmosis on the venule end of the capillary
plasma colloid osmotic
net filtration of fluid out of he capillary into the interstitial space is ___ than net absorption of fluid back into the capillary
higher
if the fluid amount is higher than what the lymph can carry back to blood, the fluid in the interstitial space causes ____
edema
lymph carries ___ and ___ ___ back to the blood
proteins
large substances
lymph from the lower part of the body drains into the ___ ___
thoracic duct
thoracic duct drains into the junction of the left ___ and ___ ___
subclavian
internal jugular
__/__ of the fluid is not reabsorbed and enters the lymph capillaries
1/10
the total lymph made from interstitial fluid is about __-__ liters/day
2-3
____ filaments - attached to the endothelial cells of the lymph capillary
anchoring
___ of the lymph capillary - endothelial cells of the capillary overlap so that the overlapping edge can flap inward
valve
lymph is derived from the ___ ___
interstitial fluid
most tissues have a protein concentration of __g/dl in the interstitial fluid surrounding them
2
liver have a ____ protein concentration so lymph circulating from these areas are about __-__g/dl
higher
3-5
___ pump of lymph - valves contract to move lymph
internal
3 external pumps of lymph
contracting of skeletal muscles
pulsation of adjacent arteries
movement of parts of body
