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T3- Cardio respiratory > Dani - ch 16 > Flashcards

Dani - ch 16 Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange and nutrient/waste product exchange occurs between blood int he ___ and the tissues

A

microcirculation

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2
Q

microcirculation primarily includes the ___ to ____square meters of capillaries

A

500-700

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3
Q

terminal areterioles are called ____

A

metarterioles

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4
Q

metarterioles are where the arterioles branch down to the ___

A

capillary

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5
Q

where the metarteriole meets the capillary, the SM fibers form the ___ ___ which can open or close the opening of the capillary

A

precapillary sphincter

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6
Q

___ ___ of the tissues controls the blood flow according to tissue needs because the metarteriole and precapillary sphincter are close in contact

A

local conditions

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7
Q

control of blood flow is based on ___ or ___ the diameter of the blood vessel

A

increasing

decreasing

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8
Q

___ ____: single celled, highly permeable layer of endothelium surrounded by a thin basement membrane

A

capillary wall

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9
Q

___ between individual cells that make up the capillary wall allow for small nutrient molecules and plasma fluid to leave the capillary

A

pores

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10
Q

blood cells and plasm are too ___ to fit through the pores

A

big

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11
Q

___ ___: thing, curving channels between cells

A

intercellular cleft

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12
Q

water, water-soluble ions and small solutes can ___ through intercellular clefts

A

diffuse

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13
Q

___: formed on the cell membrane from proteins associated with cholesterol and other lipid materials

A

caveolae

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14
Q

caveolae play a ___ role by engulfing small packets of plasm, or extra cellular fluid with plasma proteins, and transporting it slowly through the endothelium

A

transcytosis

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15
Q

brain has ___ ___ only allow extremely small molecules in or out

A

tight junction

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16
Q

liver - has ___ pores so that even plasm proteins can pass

A

large

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17
Q

GI tact - ___ than liver but ___ than brain

A

smaller

larger

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18
Q

kidney - contain windows called ___ which also tremendous amounts of small ions, but not large plasma proteins, to pass so the kidneys can filter blood rapidly

A

fenestrae

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19
Q

___ is the type of blood flow through the capillaries

A

vasomotion

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20
Q

blood flow is not ___, it flows ____

A

continuous

intermittently

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21
Q

the cause of vasomotion is intermittent opening and closing of ___ and ___ ___

A

metarterioles

precapillary sphincters

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22
Q

regulation of vasomotion is primarily controlled by the ___ concentration in the tissues

A

oxygen

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23
Q

when tissues use oxygen at a greater rate, oxygen concentration ____ thus intermittent periods of floow occure ___ often

A

decrease

more

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24
Q

___ is the primary method of transfer of water and dissolved ions between the capillaries and interstitial space

A

diffusion

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25
Q

____ ___: space between cells and contains the fluid that provides a water environment for cells

A

interstitial space

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26
Q

diffusion results from the ___ ___ of water molecules and dissolved ions as they randomly move in all directions between the capillary membrane and the interstitial space

A

thermal motion

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27
Q

lipid soluble substances has an effect on ___

A

diffusion

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28
Q

lipid soluble substances can diffuse ____ through the capillary membrane and dont have to go through the ___

A

directly

pores

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29
Q

lipid soluble substances are ___ and ____

A

oxygen

carbon dioxide

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30
Q

lipid soluble substances - because they can diffuse directly across the membrane, they can diffuse at a much ___ rate than lipid- insoluble substances

A

faster

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31
Q

water soluble and lipid insoluble substances must pass through intercellular ___ or ___ that are located between the endothelial cells of the capillary membrane

A

pores

cleft

32
Q

water soluble and lipid insoluble substances include ___ molecules, ____ ions, ___ ions and ___

A

water
sodium
chloride
glucose

33
Q

water soluble and lipid insoluble substances have an effect on ____

A

diffusion

34
Q

permeability of capillary pores to substances of varying size has an effect on ___ rate

A

diffusion

35
Q

the smaller the diameter of the molecule, the ___ it will diffuse; intermediate diameter molecules diffuse at a ___ rate

A

faster

slower

36
Q

larger molecules are not permeable in most organ cells but the ___ has pores large enough - thus, capillary permeability can vary depending on the ___ of the organ

A

liver

function

37
Q

substances will move more rapidly the ___ the difference in concentration between the area of ___ concentration and the area of ___ concentration

A

greater
higher
lower

38
Q

____: collective of spaces located between all cells in the body

A

interstitium

39
Q

interstitium makes up about __/__ of total body volume

A

1/6

40
Q

interstitium contains 2 solid structures:

  • ___ ___ bundles
  • ____ filaments
A

collagen fiber bundles

proteoglycan filaments

41
Q

collagen fiber bundles are in the interstitium to provide ___ strength against cells

A

tensile

42
Q

proteoglycan filaments are thin filaments in the interstitium that form a mat to prove more ___

A

substance

43
Q

collagen fiber bundles and proteoglycan filaments keep cells in ____

A

suspension

44
Q

concentration of proteins is ___ in the interstitial fluid than in the plasm

A

lower

45
Q

interstitial fluid is the consistency of ___

A

gel

46
Q

bc of the consistency of the interstitial fluid, molecules do not flow through, they diffuse through ___ by ___

A

molecule

molecule

47
Q

there are small ___ of “free” fluid that an flow ffreely in the interstitial fluid

A

rivulets

48
Q

when there is edema, the rivulets of free fluid in the interstitial fluid ___ tremendously

A

increase

49
Q

the blood pressure in the capillaries tends to force fluids and dissolved ions through the capillary pores into the interstitial fluid = ____

A

filtration

50
Q

osmotic pressure caused by the plasma proteins inside the capillary cause fluid movement by osmosis from the interstitial fluid into the blood = ___

A

absorption

51
Q

the balance of filtration and absorption prevents significant fluid ___ from the blood into the interstitial fluid

A

loss

52
Q

osmotic pressure causes things to go ___

A

in

53
Q

blood pressure causes things to go __

A

out

54
Q

___ ____: forces that determine if fluid will move out of the blood to the interstitial fluid or from the interstitial fluid to the blood

A

starling forces

55
Q

____ pressure: tends to force fluid outward from the blood

A

capillary pressure

56
Q

___ ___ pressure: tends to force fluid into the blood when positive and outward if negative

A

interstitial fluid pressure

57
Q

___ ___ ____ pressure: tends to cause osmosis of fluid into the blood

A

plasma colloid osmotic

58
Q

___ ____ ___ ___ pressure: tends to cause osmosis of fluid outward from blood

A

interstitial fluid colloid osmotic

59
Q

if the sum of the starling forces is positive, it will favor _____ from the ___ to ___

A

filtration

blood to interstitial fluid

60
Q

if the sum of the starling forces is negative, it will favor ___ from the ____ to ____

A

absorption
plasma
interstitial fluid

61
Q

net filtration pressure = ____ - ___ - ____ + ____

A

capillary pressure
interstitial fluid pressure
plasma colloid osmotic pressure
interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

62
Q

___ pressure forces fluids out of the blood on the arteriole end of the capillary

A

hydrostatic

63
Q

because of the higher concentration of plasma proteins in the blood, this creates the ___ ___ ___ pressure which re-absorbs water back into the blood via osmosis on the venule end of the capillary

A

plasma colloid osmotic

64
Q

net filtration of fluid out of he capillary into the interstitial space is ___ than net absorption of fluid back into the capillary

A

higher

65
Q

if the fluid amount is higher than what the lymph can carry back to blood, the fluid in the interstitial space causes ____

A

edema

66
Q

lymph carries ___ and ___ ___ back to the blood

A

proteins

large substances

67
Q

lymph from the lower part of the body drains into the ___ ___

A

thoracic duct

68
Q

thoracic duct drains into the junction of the left ___ and ___ ___

A

subclavian

internal jugular

69
Q

__/__ of the fluid is not reabsorbed and enters the lymph capillaries

A

1/10

70
Q

the total lymph made from interstitial fluid is about __-__ liters/day

A

2-3

71
Q

____ filaments - attached to the endothelial cells of the lymph capillary

A

anchoring

72
Q

___ of the lymph capillary - endothelial cells of the capillary overlap so that the overlapping edge can flap inward

A

valve

73
Q

lymph is derived from the ___ ___

A

interstitial fluid

74
Q

most tissues have a protein concentration of __g/dl in the interstitial fluid surrounding them

A

2

75
Q

liver have a ____ protein concentration so lymph circulating from these areas are about __-__g/dl

A

higher

3-5

76
Q

___ pump of lymph - valves contract to move lymph

A

internal

77
Q

3 external pumps of lymph

A

contracting of skeletal muscles
pulsation of adjacent arteries
movement of parts of body

T3- Cardio respiratory (8 decks)

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