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T3- Cardio respiratory > Dani - ch 17, 18 > Flashcards

Dani - ch 17, 18 Flashcards

1
Q

each tissue regulates its own local blood flow based on its __ needs

A

metabolic

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2
Q

tissue needs:

  • delivery of ___
  • delivery of ____
  • removal of ___
  • removal of ___
  • ___ of ion concentrations
  • transport of ____
A 
oxygen
nutrients
waste
carbon dioxide
maintenance
hormones
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3
Q

50% of blood goes to the ___ and ___

A

kidneys

liver

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4
Q

blood flow to the tissues is balanced between the tissues ___ need and total volume the ___ can handle

A

metabolic

heart

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5
Q

tissues meeting their need and workload of the heart are kept to a ___

A

minimum

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6
Q

acute control of blood flow:

  • takes ___ to a few ___
  • effect of ___ and ___ ___ changing their vessel diameter
A

seconds
minutes
metarterioles
precapillary sphincter

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7
Q

long term control of blood flow:

  • takes ___ to ___
  • result of an increase or decrease in ___ ___ and the number of ___ ___ supplying these tissues
A

days
months
physical size
blood vessels

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8
Q

acute control of blood flow:

  • increase metabolism –> ___ in blood flow
  • decrease [O2] –> __ in blood flow
A

increase

increase

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9
Q

4 reasons for a decrease in oxygen availability

A

high altitude
pneumonia
CO
cyanide poisoning

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10
Q

vasodilator theory:
- increase in tissue metabolism or decrease in [O2] –> ___ in the rate of formation of vasodilator substances in the tissues

A

increase

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11
Q

vasodilator theory

- vasodilator substances effect the ___ and ___ ____

A

metarterioles

precapillary sphincters

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12
Q

___ is a powerful vasodilator for coronary and skeletal muscle blood flow

A

adenosine

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13
Q

increase tissue metabolism –> ____ release of vasodilators –> ___ arteriole resistance –> ___ blood flow

A

increase
decrease
increase

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14
Q

6 vasodilators

A 
adenosine
ADP compounds
CO2
histamines
K+
H+
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15
Q

oxygen lack theory

- oxygen is needed for the smooth muscle in the ___ and ___ ____ to contract

A

arterioles

precapillary sphincter

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16
Q

if oxygen supply is not adequate, the smooth muscle would relax and naturally ___ –> ___ local blood flow

A

dilate

increase

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17
Q

Increase tissue metabolism or decrease oxygen to the tissues –> ___ tissue [O2] –> ___ arteriole resistance –> ___ blood flow

A

decrease
decrease
increase

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18
Q

deficiency of glucose, amino acids of FAs in perfusing blood can cause local ____ –> dont have the nutrients to make ___

A

vasodilation

ATP

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19
Q

vitamin B substances are needed for oxygen-induced phosphorylation of ___

A

ATP

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20
Q

ATP is needed for smooth muscles of the ___ and ___ ___ to contract

A

arterioles

precapillary sphincter

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21
Q

___ ___: increase in blood flow after a temporary blockage

A

reactive hyperemia

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22
Q

hyperemia occurs because of tissue ___ and a build up of ___ metabolites = ___ arterioles and ___ vascular resistance

A

hypoxia
vasodilator
dilate
decrease

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23
Q

reactive hyperemia

- when the occlusion is release, flow becomes ____ because of the ___ vascular resistance

A

elevated

reduced

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24
Q

during hyperemia, tissue becomes ___ and vasodilator metabolites are ____

A

reoxygenated

excreted (from the tissue)

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25
Q

the longer the period of occlusion, the __ the metabolic stimulus for vasodilation leading to ___ in peak reactive hyperemia and ___ of hyperemia

A

greater
increases
duration

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26
Q

___ ___: increased flow of blood to a tissue and its associated with increased metabolism

A

active hyperemia

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27
Q

active hyperemia
- blood flow ___ because of increased oxygen consumption during muscular contractions which stimulates the production of ___ substances which then ___ the blood vessels in skeletal muscles

A

increase
vasodilator
dilate

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28
Q

examples of active hyperemia

A

exercise

GI tract

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29
Q

active hyperemia can result in up to a __ fold increase in skeletal muscle blood flow with maximal exercise

A

20

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30
Q

___: process where tissues adjust blood flow over a wide rage of arterial pressure changes

A

autoregulation

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31
Q

3 organs autoregulation is mostly seen

A

kidneys
heart
brain

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32
Q

kidney, heart and brain is essential for life, and through autoregulation the body can ___ blood where its needed

A

divert

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33
Q

increase in arterial pressure –> ___ blood flow

A

increase

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34
Q

metabolic theory: suggests that as arterial pressure decreases –> oxygen and nutrient delivery ____ resulting in the release of ___ substances

A

metabolic theory
decrease
vasodilator

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35
Q

metabolic theory: if arterial pressure is too high –> ___ blood flow –> too much oxygen and nutrients that ____ ___ the vasodilator substances –> ___

A

increase
wash out
vasoconstriction

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36
Q

myogenic theory - as arterial pressure fall –> arterioles ___ as a result of an intrinsic property that responds to a ___ in blood vessel wall tenstion

A

vasodilate

decrease

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37
Q

myogenic theory - as a higher arterial pressure stretches the blood vessel wall –> reactive ____ that ___ blood flow nearly back to normal even though the pressure is high

A

vasoconstrict

reduce

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38
Q

nitric oxide = ____ during stress on the endothelial walls

A

vasodilator

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39
Q

nitric oxide protects against excessive ____

A

vasoconstriction

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40
Q

positive feed back loop with hyertension because it causes a damage in the endothelial wall which causes a lack of NO in the vessels –> favoring ___

A

vasoconstriction

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41
Q

nitroglycerin and other nitrate substances were used to treat ___

A

angina

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42
Q

___: severe chest pain from ischemia of the heart muscle

A

angina

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43
Q

___: a powerful vasoconstrictor substance derived from damaged enothelial cells

A

endothelin

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44
Q

endohelin prevents ___ bleeding because it will ___ blood vessels

A

excessive

vasoconstrictor

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45
Q

the biggest long term change for local blood flow regulation is an increase in ___

A

vascularity

46
Q

metabolism of a tissue is increased over a long period of time, the ___ and ___ of blood vessels to those muscles will ___

A

size
number
increase

47
Q

____: growth of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

48
Q

young person, increase in number of capillaries will begin within a few ___ and be complete within a few ___ and will match almost exactly the new needs of tissue blood flow

A

days

weeks

49
Q

elderly person, increase in capillary will happen in ___

A

months

50
Q

angiogenesis occurs in response to rapidly___ tissues or tissues with increased ___ rates

A

growing

metabolic

51
Q

three angiogenic factors

A

vascular endothelial growth factor
fibroblast growth factor
angiogen

52
Q

increase in vascularity is determined by the ____ level of blood flow rather than average blood flow through the tissue

A

maximum

53
Q

exercise, vascularity ___ to meet the demands of the level of exercise even though exercise may only last an hour or so per day

A

increases

54
Q

____ ____: when an artery or vein is blocked so a new vascular channel develops around the blockage

A

collateral circulation

55
Q

collateral vessels are thought to already exist, they become ____ when complete blockage occurs to preserve the tissue with blood flow

A

vasodilator

56
Q

collateral circulation is especially evident in ___ circulation where blockage of ____ arteries is common as we age

A

coronary

coronary

57
Q

___ ___: hormones or locally produced factors that are absorbed into the body fluids

A

humoral control

58
Q

hormones and local factors are designated as ____ agents and ___ agents

A

vasconstrictor

vasodilator

59
Q

NE and ACh are secreted from the ___ ____ as a response to SP nerve stimulation during times of stress or exercise

A

adrenal medulla

60
Q

___ ___ plays a significant role in regulating arterial pressure by vasoconstriction of small arterioles to increase total peripheral resistance, thereby increasing arterial pressure

A

angiotensin II

61
Q

___ plays a similar role as angiotensin II in increasing arterial pressure

A

vasopressin

62
Q

___

  • polypeptide that is activated because of tissue inflammation or physical stimuli to blood or tissues
  • powerful arteriole vasodilation
  • increase capillary permeability
A

bradykinin

63
Q

____

  • released due to tissue damage/inflammation
  • powerful arteriole vasodilation
  • increases capillary permeability allowing leakage of fluid
A

histamine

64
Q

___: vasoconstrictor; stimulates smooth muscle contraction

A

calcium

65
Q

___ and ___: vasodilator; inhibit smooth muscle contraaction

A

potassium and magnesium

66
Q

increase H+ –> ____

decrease H+ –> ____

A

vasoconstrictor

vasodilation

67
Q

CO2 –>

A

vasodilation

68
Q

nervous regulation has a more ___ approach than local tissue control

A

global

69
Q

nervous regulation _____ blood flow to different areas of the body

A

redistribution

70
Q

nervous regulation ___/____ the pumping activity of the heart

A

increase/decrease

71
Q

nervous regulation has a very ___ control of systemic arterial pressure

A

rapid

72
Q

nervous regulation regulates via the ___ nervous system

A

autonomic

73
Q

ANS is comprised of the ___ and ___ nervous systems

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

74
Q

___ NS - important in the control of blood flow

A

sympathetic

75
Q

____ NS - important in regulating heart rate and heart function

A

parasympathetic

76
Q

sympathetic nerves leave the spine on each side of the spinal cord to form a ___ ___

A

sympathetic chain

77
Q

2 routes to regulate the blood flow

  • nerves that innervate the ___
  • nerves that innervate the ___ ____ ___
A

heart

peripheral blood vessels

78
Q

all blood vessels except the capillaries are innervated by the ___ nerves

A

sympathetic

79
Q

innervation of small arteries and arterioles ___ vascular resistance

A

increase

80
Q

innervations of the veins __ the volume in the small arteries and arterioles to return more blood to the heart

A

decreases

81
Q

distribution of SP vasoconstrictor system is greater in the __, __, ___ and ___

A

kidneys
gut
spleen
skin

82
Q

less SP vasocontrictor system to ___ ___, ___ and __

A

skeletal muscle
brain
heart

83
Q

the continual firing of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibers = ___ ____ tone

A

sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone

84
Q

the constant impulses maintain a partial state of contraction of the blood vessels = ____ ____

A

vasomotor tone

85
Q

neurotransmitter for the vasoconstrictor is ___ which acts on the ___ ___ receptors of vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction

A

NE

alpha andrenergic

86
Q

SP nerves carry SP vasodilator fibers so ___ causes dilation in skeletal muscle blood vessels by acting on ____ __ receptors

A

epinephrine

beta 2

87
Q

___ ___ is located bilaterally in the reticular substance of the medulla and lower third of the pons

A

vasomotor center

88
Q

vasomotor center is composed of a ____ and ___ areas

A

vasoconstrictor

vasodilator

89
Q

vasomotor center has the capacity to increase arterial pressure:

  • ____ most of the arterials
  • ___ total peripheral resistance
A

constrict

increase

90
Q

vasomotor center has the capacity to increase arterial pressure:

  • strongly ___ large vessels to increase venous return and cardiac output
  • increase in venous return, heart muscles are stretched so to ___ contractility
A

constricts

increase

91
Q

vasomotor center has the capacity to increase arterial pressure:
- the ANS directly stimulates the heart and ___ HR and heart muscle contractile force thus ___ CO

A

increase

increase

92
Q

baroreceptor reflex: initiated by ___ recepetors in the walls of large systemic arteries

A

stretch

93
Q

baroreceptor reflex:
- increase pressure stretches the baroreceptors –> send signal to ___ ___ –> feedback signal sent via the ___ nervous system –> circulation –> ___ arterial pressure back to normal

A

vasomotor center
autonomic
reduce

94
Q

baroreceptor reflex:

- ___ term regulation

A

short

95
Q

baroreceptor:

  • ___ type nerve endings
  • wall of each ___ ___ artery just above carotid bifurcation
  • in the walls of ___ ___
A

spray
internal carotid
aortic arch

96
Q

baroreceptors:

- signals from the aortic arch are transmitted through the __ nerve to the NTS of the medulla

A

vagus

97
Q

carotid sinus baroreceptors respond to pressures between ___ and ___mmHg

A

60

180

98
Q

aortic baroreceptors respond to pressure levels about __ mmHg higher

A

30

99
Q

baroreceptors respond more to ____ in pressure than to stationary pressure

A

changes

100
Q

if MAP is __mmHg and rising, the rate of impulse transmission from the baroreceptor is twice that of a stationary 150mmHg

A

150

101
Q

as MAP increases, the number of baroreceptor signals ___ from the carotid sinus –> inhibit the ___ center –> ___ vagal PS center –> ___ of veins and ___ HR

A 
increase
vasoconstriction
excite
vasodilation
increase
102
Q

baroreceptors referred to as the __ __

A

pressure buffers

103
Q

baroreceptor are not effective for ___ term control because they ___ if pressure remains the same

A

long

adapt

104
Q

chemoreceptors reflexes sense __ receptors

A

chemical

105
Q

chemoreceptors sense a

  • ___ in O2
  • ___ in CO2
  • ___ in H+
A

decrease
increase
increase

106
Q

There are __ carotid bodies and __ aortic bodies

A

2

3

107
Q

both the atria and the pulmonary artery have stretch receptors in their walls called __ ___ receptors

A

low-pressure

108
Q

CNS ___ response = one of the most powerful of all activators of the SP vasoconstrictor system

A

ischemic

109
Q

CNS ischemic response is called the ___ ___ stance to control arterial BP

A

last ditch

110
Q

Cushing’s response: responds to increased pressure of the CSF around the ___

A

brain

T3- Cardio respiratory (8 decks)

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